Using Scientific Computing to Advance Wildland Fire Monitoring and Prediction

New technologies have transformed our understanding of wildland fire behavior, providing a better ability to observe them from a variety of platforms, simulate their growth with computational models, and interpret their frequency and controls in a global context. These tools have shown how wildland fires are among the extremes of weather events and can produce behaviors such as fire whirls, blow-ups, bursts of flame along the surface, and winds ten times stronger than ambient conditions, all of which result from the interactions between a fire and its atmospheric environment. I will highlight current research in integrated weather -- wildland fire computational modeling, fire detection, and observation, and their application to understanding and prediction. Coupled weather-wildland fire models tie numerical weather prediction models to wildland fire behavior modules to simulate the impact of a fire on the atmosphere and the subsequent feedback of these fire-induced winds on fire behavior, i.e. how a fire "creates its own weather". NCAR's CAWFE® modeling system has been used to explain fundamental fire phenomena and reproduce the unfolding of past fire events. Recent work, in which CAWFE has been integrated with satellite-based active fire detection data, addresses the challenges of applying it as an operational forecast tool. This newer generation of tools brought many goals within sight -- rapid fire detection, nearly ubiquitous monitoring, and recognition that many of the distinctive characteristics of fire events are reproducible and perhaps predictable in real time. Concurrently, these more complex tools raise new challenges. I conclude with innovative model-data fusion approaches to overcome some of these remaining puzzles.