The plasma universe

The extrapolation of observed plasma densities, magnetic and electric field strengths, and energies in near-Earth and solar system plasmas to regions beyond the reach of spacecraft has led to the concept of a plasma universe. The importance of applying electromagnetism and plasma physics to the problem of radiogalaxy, galaxy, and star formation derives from the fact that the Universe is largely matter in its plasma state. The motion of this plasma across weak magnetic fields can lead to the generation of electromotive forces, the energy of which can be transported over large distances by Birkeland currents. The dissipation of this energy in localized regions can lead to pinches and condensed states of matter. Where double layers form in the pinches, strong electric fields can accelerate the charged particles to high energies. The evolution of a filamentary plasma universe has been studied, and direct comparisons of simulation, laboratory, space, and astrophysical data have been made.<>