Non-crop habitat management: Promoter of natural enemies of crop pests

Non-crop habitats provide essential resources for natural enemies such as plant-derived food, such as nectar or pollen, shelter, alternative prey, protection from pesticides and other disturbances, and moderate microclimate and hibernation sites. The main aim of habitat management is to offer a favourable ecological infrastructure within the landscape. Different ways of habitat management such as selecting appropriate plant species, understanding behavioural mechanism, maintaining the spatial scale and spatial arrangement with heterogeneity has a positive impact on conservation biological control. Harmful conditions are mitigated or favourable conditions are increased for natural enemies in conservation biological control. In previous days, conservation and biological control were not applied a lot, but it has gotten more attention. Natural pest management can be conducted at different spatial scales like at the landscape scale and at the field scale; natural pest management at the landscape scale through habitat management is focused on in this essay. In agricultural landscapes, non-crop habitats are comprised of hedgerows, field margin, road verges, fallows, meadows and often woody forests. Different agricultural pest species and many natural enemies are associated with these non-crop habitats. The proportion of habitat defines landscape complexity can influence the diversity of animals, plants and microorganisms. Ecosystem services that improve ecosystems through nutrient cycling, water regulation and pest suppression are positively influenced by landscape complexity that can help reduce pest density and crop injury. Habitat management has a higher level of opportunity to maximize multi-functional ecosystem services through a wider scale of landscape management. Therefore, habitat management can be combined into land use types of local, regional, nationwide, and worldwide economic aspects to reduce the dependency of high input based on existing agriculture.