用于月球任务的灵活用户无线电

R. Dendy, D. Mortensen, D. Zeleznikar, Stephanie Booth
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引用次数: 0

摘要

美国宇航局的阿尔忒弥斯计划和其他月球探测和开发项目计划在2030年之前执行40多次月球任务。载人和无人登月任务包括轨道飞行器、着陆器、月球车和地面站。所有这些任务都需要与地球通信,要么通过直接对地通信(DTE)链路,要么通过月球轨道上的中继。现有和计划中的地面站有多种DTE选择:深空网络(DSN)、欧洲航天局等。中继选项包括计划中的月球门户,月球网兼容中继,以及一些月球着陆器提议发射专用轨道器。月球系统设计者面临的困境是确定一种满足任务要求的通信链路,但不存在访问受限的问题(例如,深空网络的需求很高,支持高优先级的深空任务,有些时间表不灵活),系统影响(DTE链路的高功率射频),成本(专用中继)或运行日期。为了避免这种困难的决定,提出了一种用于月球任务的柔性无线电,它将使系统设计能够在最终决定使用的通信网络之前进行,通过实现与多个DTE或轨道中继通信系统中的任何一个的兼容性。柔性无线电将支持必要的频率、带宽、调制和功率要求,以与大多数已知或计划的DTE或中继系统进行互操作,并且可以在不事先知道最终将使用哪条链路的情况下设计成月球任务。此外,正在使用的链接可以在任务期间根据需要进行近乎实时的更改。柔性无线电设计将利用NASA在宽带射频、软件定义无线电、自适应编码和调制以及相控阵天线领域已经完成的工作。灵活无线电需要足够的带宽来覆盖分配给地月空间链路和空间到地球链路的频率;支持多种调制、数据速率和编码方案的灵活性;识别可用中继,检测和识别这些中继的信号,并调整其自身的频率、调制、符号速率和码率以与检测到的中继(或DTE站)一起工作的能力;最后,它需要适当的软件来支持网络配置和与检测到的网络的互操作性。柔性无线电可以设计成一个足够小、轻、低功耗的封装,用于各种月球系统。根据提议,最初的实施将侧重于ka频段,支持27 GHz左右的2 GHz带宽用于返回链路,23 GHz用于转发链路。其他频段正在考虑将来的配置。软件定义的调制解调器将支持OQPSK、BPSK和nasa定义的调制,这些调制也支持数据的双向测距。为了实现近乎实时的适应,柔性无线电将使用具有自适应/认知通信功能的相控阵天线扫描天空,寻找可用的中继。然后,它将配置支持DTN和其他协议选项的网络互操作性。灵活无线电将支持预定连接和按需使用。
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Flexible User Radio for Lunar Missions
NASA's Artemis program and other lunar exploration and development programs are planning over 40 lunar missions before 2030. Lunar missions, both crewed and uncrewed, include orbiters, landers, rovers, and surface stations. All these missions require communications with Earth, either via Direct to Earth (DTE) links or through relays in lunar orbit. Multiple DTE options are available among existing and planned ground stations: Deep Space Network (DSN), European Space Agency, and others. Relay options include the planned Lunar Gateway, LunaNet compliant relays, and some lunar landers propose to launch dedicated orbiters. The dilemma for lunar system designers is to identify a communication link which meets mission requirements but does not have issues of limited access (e.g. DSN is in high demand supporting deep space missions with high priority and some with inflexible schedules), system impacts (high power Radio Frequency (RF) for DTE links), cost (dedicated relay), or operational date. To avoid this difficult decision, a Flexible Radio for Lunar Missions is proposed, which will enable system designs to proceed prior to any final decision on the communication network to be used, by enabling compatibility with any of multiple DTE or orbital relay communication systems. The Flexible Radio will support the necessary frequency, bandwidth, modulation, and power requirements to interoperate with the majority of known or planned DTE or relay systems, and can be designed into a lunar mission without prior knowledge of which link will ultimately be used. Furthermore, the link being used can be changed as needed during the mission, in near real time. The Flexible Radio design will leverage work already completed at NASA in the areas of Wideband RF, Software Defined Radio, Adaptive Coding and Modulation, and Phased Array antennas. The Flexible Radio requires sufficient bandwidth to cover the allocated frequencies for both the operation of links in cislunar space and for space-to-Earth links; the flexibility to support multiple modulations, data rates, and coding schemes; the ability to identify available relays, detect and recognize the signals of those relays, and adapt its own frequency, modulation, symbol rate, and code rate to operate with the detected relay (or DTE station); and finally, it requires appropriate software to support network configuration and interoperability with the detected network. The Flexible Radio can be designed in a sufficiently small, lightweight, and low-power package to be used in a wide variety of lunar systems. The initial implementation, as proposed, will focus on the Ka-band, supporting up to 2 GHz bandwidth around the 27 GHz frequency for return links, and 23 GHz for forward links. Other frequency bands are under consideration for future configurations. The software defined modem will support OQPSK, BPSK, and NASA-defined modulations which also support two-way ranging with data. For near-real time adaptation, the Flexible Radio will scan the sky for available relays, using a phased array antenna with Adaptive/Cognitive Communications. It will then configure for network interoperability supporting DTN and other protocol options. The Flexible Radio will support scheduled connections and on-demand use when available.
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