HOIST: a system for automatically deriving static analyzers for embedded systems

Embedded software must meet conflicting requirements such as be-ing highly reliable, running on resource-constrained platforms, and being developed rapidly. Static program analysis can help meet all of these goals. People developing analyzers for embedded object code face a difficult problem: writing an abstract version of each instruction in the target architecture(s). This is currently done by hand, resulting in abstract operations that are both buggy and im-precise. We have developed Hoist: a novel system that solves these problems by automatically constructing abstract operations using a microprocessor (or simulator) as its own specification. With almost no input from a human, Hoist generates a collection of C func-tions that are ready to be linked into an abstract interpreter. We demonstrate that Hoist generates abstract operations that are cor-rect, having been extensively tested, sufficiently fast, and substan-tially more precise than manually written abstract operations. Hoist is currently limited to eight-bit machines due to costs exponential in the word size of the target architecture. It is essential to be able to analyze software running on these small processors: they are important and ubiquitous, with many embedded and safety-critical systems being based on them.