Coronary artery calcium–a review article

Abbreviations: CAC, coronary artery calcium; CAD, coronary artery disease; AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; CT, computed tomography; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NE, norepinephrine; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; ASCVD, atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; MESA, multiethnic study of atherosclerosis; LDL, low density lipoproteins; HRT, hormonal replacement therapy; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PPAR-Ɣ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor–Ɣ; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; SMC, smooth muscle cells; SHTC, second hand tobacco smoke; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; HDL, high density lipoproteins; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ICAM, intracellular cell adhesion molecule–1; DECC, dual energy coronary calcium