Robust load frequency control and integration of electric vehicles and renewable energy in the grid

The balancing of generation and demand, known as Load Frequency Control (LFC) is a key challenge as always, and currently it requires further attention due to the intermittent Renewable Energies (RE) and new form of Loads, Electric Vehicles (EV) in the grid. An effort is put forward by proposing a model where these worrisome generation’ sources and loads can be integrated in the grid, while exploring their strengths. Beside the Conventional Sources (CS), in this model EVs take part in the LFC and RE provides inertial response. The multi objective LFC problem, is synthesised as a robust mixed H2/H∞ based on static output feedback control problem addressed by iterative linear matrix inequality technique. As a test case, a three-area system having EVs, REs and CSs, is simulated in Matlab/Simulink. The EVs, which pose a challenge as an extra load, would be managed to avoid the need of too much new installation of CS and would help the integration of REs like wind and solar energy in the grid Nomenclature Abbreviation ACE AGC DER EV ILMI LFC PFC PI RE SOC SOF V2G Genco Area Control Error Automatic Generation Control Distributed Energy Resources Electric Vehicles Iterative Linear Matrix Inequality Load Frequency Control Primary Frequency Control Proportional and Integral Renewable Energies State of Charge Static Output Feedback Control Vehicle to Grid and vice versa Generation Company Variables, Constants, and Indices i n αi Indexing Power System Areas Number of generation sources Participation Factor μi ∆f ∆Pc ∆PL ∆Pm/∆Pt ∆Ptie_line B D Ɛ H KEV Lss, Lm, Rr, Rs Ki Pchar Pdischar Pdown Pup R SOCneed t(s) Tdep Tg Tt Tz2w2 Tz∞w∞ γ2| γ2 γ∞| γ∞ Weighting coefficient Frequency Deviation Controller Output Load Changes Generator Output Tie line deviation Power Frequency Bias Factor Load Damping Constant Small Positive Number System Inertia Electric Vehicle Gain Constant Stator self and magnetizing Inductance Rotor and Stator Resistance Controller Charging Power Discharging Power Down Regulation Up Regulation Droop Control Constant Customer need, SOC Time (seconds) Leaving Time Governor time Constant Turbine Time Constant Transfer function: w2 input to z2 output Transfer function: w∞ input to z∞ output Optimal H2 Performance index related to H2/H∞ DOF and SOF respectively Optimal H∞ Performance index related to H2/H∞ DOF and SOF respectively