3D pose tracking for GPS-denied terrain rovers by fast state variable extension and enhanced motion model

Pose tracking for outdoor rovers is generally a complex task which is further complicated in conditions where a Global Positioning System (GPS) signal is denied such as in planetary exploration, underground mines and covered areas. In these conditions the rover's pose needs to be calculated purely based on the rover's current environment observations. However, conventional wheel odometry is not reliable on rough terrain where wheels are prone to slip and the wheels do not have a common plane of motion due to suspension systems. This paper proposes a Fast State Variable Extension (Fast-SVE) method in which 2D state variables (x, y, yaw) are extended to the full 3D state (x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw) to achieve effective real time 3D pose tracking of the rover. A particle filter implementation incorporating the Fast-SVE method is used to track the 3D pose of the rover with roll and pitch values used for weighting. An Enhanced Motion Model (EMM) is also proposed to further improve the accuracy of 2D pose prediction in the particle filter.