Performance evaluation of MQTT and CoAP via a common middleware

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) typically consist of sensor nodes and gateways that operate on devices with limited resources. As a result, WSNs require bandwidth-efficient and energy-efficient application protocols for data transmission. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) are two such protocols proposed for resource-constrained devices. In this paper, we design and implement a common middleware that supports MQTT and CoAP and provides a common programming interface. We design the middleware to be extensible to support future protocols. Using the common middleware, we conducted experiments to study the performance of MQTT and CoAP in terms of end-to-end delay and bandwidth consumption. Experimental results reveal that MQTT messages have lower delay than CoAP messages at lower packet loss rates and higher delay than CoAP messages at higher loss rates. Moreover, when the message size is small and the loss rate is equal to or less than 25%, CoAP generates lower additional traffic than MQTT to ensure message reliability.