牛轮状病毒流行病学研究进展及其公共卫生意义

Gichile Abebe Garoma
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摘要

本文综述了牛轮状病毒的流行病学、公共卫生重要性、诊断和控制方法。轮状病毒是呼肠孤病毒科的属名,其特征是基因组片段化。新血清型病毒的出现与病毒基因组的片段性有关,这使得在混合感染期间可以进行重组。轮状病毒基因组由11个双链RNA基因片段组成,编码6个非结构蛋白(NSP1-6)和6个结构蛋白(VP1-4、VP6-VP7)。轮状病毒A是一种人畜共患疾病,在五岁以下的儿童中,人类轮状病毒被报道为胃炎的最常见原因。在动物中,轮状病毒感染通常影响四周内的小牛,由于死亡、体重增加减少和治疗费用造成巨大的经济损失。牛轮状病毒在全球分布,牛株分为12种G型和11种P型,其中G6、G8和G10, P[1]、P[5]和P[11]是常见的牛株。然而,在世界各地不同的监测研究中报告了14种G型和17种P型血清型。其中,G1P[8]、G2P[4]、G3P[8]、G4P[8]、G9P[8]和G12P[8]的组合是最常见的人类毒株,可导致大多数人类轮状病毒疾病。该病毒主要通过粪口途径或直接接触传播。受感染动物和人的排泄物、受污染食物的排泄物;水、牧场和空气是动物和人轮状病毒的潜在感染源。年龄、季节分布、菌种多样性、不良的畜群管理和住房系统、宿主营养和免疫因素是轮状病毒病发生的重要危险因素。目前广泛应用于人和动物轮状病毒抗体检测的诊断方法是酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和免疫层析法,而轮状病毒/抗原的存在是通过酶免疫分析法(EIA)来确定的。电子显微镜(EM),聚合酶链反应(PCR)和核酸杂交。疫苗接种是预防和控制牛和人轮状病毒感染的主要策略。通过在妊娠后期施用减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗,可以在怀孕动物中获得高水平的抗体。在人类中,目前使用的两种疫苗是RV5疫苗(美国)和RV1疫苗(比利时)。
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Review on the epidemiology of Bovine Rotavirus and its public health significance
A literature review was made to assess the epidemiology, public health importance, diagnostic and control methods of bovine rotavirus. Rotavirus is the genus name under the family Reoviridae which is characterized by segmented genome. The emergence of new serotypes of the virus is related to the segmented nature of the viral genome which allows reassortment during mixed infections. The rotavirus genome consists of 11 double-stranded RNA gene segments encoding 6 nonstructural (NSP1–6) and 6 structural (VP1–4, VP6–VP7) proteins. Rotavirus A is a zoonotic disease and in children less than five years old, human rotavirus is reported to be the most common cause of gastritis. In animals, rotavirus infection usually affects calves within four weeks of age, causing huge economic losses due to death, reduction in weight gain and treatment costs. Bovine rotaviruses are globally distributed and cattle strains have been classified into 12 G types and 11 P types and among them G6, G8 and G10, and P [1], P [5] and P [11] are commonly prevalent bovine strains. However, the presence of 14 G type and 17 P type serotypes from human have reported in different surveillance studies worldwide. Among these, combinations of G1P [8], G2P [4], G3P [8], G4P [8], G9P [8] and G12P [8] are the most common human strains which are responsible for majority of human Rotavirus diseases. The virus is primarily transmitted by fecal-oral route or by direct contact. The excreta from infected animals and humans, excreta contaminated food; water, pasture and air are the potential source of infection for both animal and human rotaviruses. Age, seasonal pattern, strain diversity, poor herd management and housing system, host nutritional and immunological factors are important risk factors associated with rotavirus disease occurrences. The widely used diagnostic methods for detection of rotavirus antibody in human and animals are Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and immune-chromatography while the presence of the rotavirus/antigen is identified by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Electron Microscopy (EM), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid hybridization. Vaccination is the primary strategy to prevent and control of bovine and human rotavirus infections. High level of antibody in pregnant animals is achieved through live attenuated and inactivated vaccines when administered at the late stage of pregnancy. In human, the two currently used vaccines are the RV5 vaccine (USA) and the RV1 vaccine (Belgium) types.
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