“从布加勒斯特到布加勒斯特”:在漫长的20世纪70年代新法西斯主义跨国网络

Pablo del Hierro
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引用次数: 4

摘要

本文关注的是20世纪70年代漫长的跨国新法西斯网络。具体来说,它围绕着代际变化的巩固(1968年明确)和20世纪80年代初之间的时期展开,当时许多政治参与者决定迁移到南美,越来越意识到他们的欧洲计划的缺点。从空间的角度来看,本文集中于“第三势力欧洲”的概念,特别关注拉丁联系,特别是法国、意大利、西班牙和葡萄牙——这些国家仍然处于网络的前沿。主要的前提是,在20世纪60年代开始主导政治舞台的新一代新法西斯主义激进分子对新法西斯主义团体进行政治活动的旧方式感到不满,因此决心在传统政党之外寻找一个政治活跃的地方;事实上,他们需要找到自己的政治空间,相对于-à-vis更怀旧的老一辈。这个物理空间最终将在意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙和许多拉丁美洲国家找到,这些国家为老法西斯分子提供了一个安全的避难所,这些法西斯分子不仅想逃跑,而且想安定下来,巩固他们在过去二十年中建立的一系列政治和个人关系。从战略的角度来看,日益增长的不满也会产生一种新的斗争形式:黑人恐怖主义。这种恐怖主义在20世纪60年代末和70年代在欧洲变得普遍,因此,许多新法西斯主义者被迫逃离他们的国家,再次在西班牙、葡萄牙和拉丁美洲寻求庇护。这种散居将进一步加强跨国新法西斯主义合作,这种合作将在1969年至1981年期间达到其最高点之一。
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‘From Brest to Bucharest’: Neofascist transnational networks during the long 1970s
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the transnational neofascist network during the long 1970s. Specifically, it revolves around the period between the consolidation of the generational change (made explicit in 1968), and the beginning of the 1980s, when many of these political actors decided to migrate to South America, increasingly aware of the shortcomings of their European project. From a spatial perspective, this paper concentrates on the concept of a ‘Third Force Europe’, paying particular attention to Latin connections, especially France, Italy, Spain and Portugal – countries which remained at the forefront of the network. The main premise will be that the new generation of neofascist militants that was beginning to dominate the political stage during the 1960s was dissatisfied with the old ways in which neofascist groups were conducting politics, thus becoming determined to find a place to be politically active outside the traditional parties; in fact, they needed to find their own political space vis-à-vis the more nostalgic older generation. This physical space would eventually be found in Italy, Spain, Portugal and many Latin American countries which had offered a safe refuge for the older fascists who had wanted not only to escape, but also to settle down and consolidate a series of political and personal relationships which they had established over the past two decades. From a strategic perspective, the growing dissatisfaction would also create a new form of struggle: black terrorism. This terrorism became widespread in Europe in the late 1960s and 1970s and, as a result of this, many neofascists were forced to flee their countries to find refuge, once again, in Spain, Portugal and Latin America. This diaspora would further enhance transnational neofascist cooperation that would reach one of its high points between 1969 and 1981.
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