Towards Embroidered Textile Antenna Systematic Design and Accurate Modeling: Investigation of Stitch Density

In this paper, we present a study on the effects of stitch density towards the accurate modeling of embroidered textile patch antennas. A detailed full-wave model is used to accurately characterize the embroidery patch antenna with different stitch densities. The model accounts for the double-layer and nonuniform nature of the embroidery pattern. A generalized circuit model linked with particle swarm optimization (PSO) is then utilized to extract the effective circuit parameters and interpret the variations of antenna performance by embroidery stitch densities. The accurate modeling is further validated by systematically designing a low stitch density E-shape patch antenna with satisfactory performance.