Optimal allocation of photovoltaic systems and energy storage systems considering constraints of both transmission and distribution systems

As more photovoltaic systems (PVs) are allocated to both transmission and distribution systems, it has been required to consider constraints of both transmission and distribution systems, such as power shortages and surpluses in transmission systems and voltages and current in distribution systems. This research proposes the framework to consider these constraints, and formulates the optimal allocation of PVs and energy storage systems (ESSs) to prevent the violation of the above constraints.