Cognitive Security: Facing Cognitive Operations in Hybrid Warfare1

The digital space is now an active area of conflict. Attacks take many forms, to the point where concepts multiply and overlap. One concept in particular raises important questions: cognitive warfare. Cognitive warfare is an issue of concern to all countries, but there are very significant differences in approach between countries such as the United States or France and countries such as Russia, Iran or China. We try to show that these very different approaches leave Western countries unprepared for a global threat and poorly identified vulnerabilities. The concept of cognitive security therefore appears to be a promising avenue for reflection.