Optimization of transonic low-Reynolds number airfoil based on genetic algorithm

A 2-D airfoil shape optimization in transonic low-Reynolds number regime is conducted. A Navier–Stokes flow solver with a transition model (k-ω SST γ-Re θ ) is used to evaluate the fitness function. Single-point and multi-point formulations of the optimization results are compared. In addition, the effects of Mach number and angles of attack on aerodynamic characteristics of the optimized airfoils are investigated under low Reynolds number (Re = 17,000) and high-subsonic-flow ([Formula: see text]) conditions. The results show that the corresponding drag divergence Mach number curves of the conventional airfoil present almost a parallel shifting at the entire Mach number range. By contrast, the unconventional airfoil starts showing a significant drag reduction when Mach number is greater than 0.75. Besides, the maximum lift-to-drag ratio is highly influenced by the Mach number because of the formation, movement, type, and strength of a shock wave. In addition, the distinguishing difference in the conclusion between two airfoils is that the lift fluctuation of the conventional airfoil amplifies with the increase of the Mach number. However, the unconventional airfoil shows an opposite trend.