Ethical aspects in the care of very low birth weight infants.

Advances in the neonatal intensive care (NIC) of the very low birth weight infant (VLBW) have given rise to important ethical questions. (1) Does every VLBW infant have the right to NIC? (2) Who should decide whether to treat? (3) How should resources be allocated for NIC? To play their part in answering these questions, paediatricians must become familiar with the principles of ethical reasoning. A distinction can be drawn between a human being and a human person on the basis of the possession of certain qualities, in the absence of which non-treatment may be justified. It will usually not be possible to make this distinction prospectively and hence it is not of much practical assistance as a criterion for decision making. Future disability of th infant can also be advanced as a reason for non-treatment, but it is not possible to know whether avoidance of disability makes it in the best interest of the infant to not be treated, and hence probable future disability is not per se an acceptable criterion for non-treatment. Pain and distress, however, is within the comprehension of decision makers and its avoidance may be an acceptable criterion for non-treatment (although in practice rarely a helpful one). The most useful criterion is one based on the ethics of resource allocation. Resources should be allocated in accordance with the ethical principles of justice and full beneficence. Criteria based on prognosis should be established to decide which VLBW infants should share in the finite resources directed to NIC.