Seasonal hydrology and gas transport in a composite cover on sulfide tailings

This study presents the field performance of a five-layer composite cover to mitigate acid mine drainage in legacy sulfide tailings in northern Ontario, Canada. Installed in 2008, this cover comprised sand, clay, geosynthetic clay liner, sand, and waste rock layers. To evaluate the effectiveness of the cover in reducing water and oxygen ingress, groundwater and vadose zone hydrological characterization, stable water isotope analysis, pore-gas measurements, oxygen flux calculations, and variably saturated flow modelling were conducted. Results indicate that the clay layer stayed nearly saturated in the spring, fall, and winter, but temporary desiccation occurred during the summer. Compared to uncovered tailings, the cover significantly lowered diffusive oxygen flux. In the summer, fall, and winter, the capillary barrier effect of the cover functioned effectively and inhibited percolation. Atmospheric pore-gas oxygen concentrations at one out of three monitoring locations indicate potential cover imperfections that enabled oxygen transport into the tailings. In the spring and early summer, snowmelt infiltration resulted in percolation that compromised the capillary barrier effect, as well as lateral drainage. The resulting increase in water saturation in the cover limited oxygen transport. Despite potential cover imperfections, this composite cover reduced oxygen and water ingress a decade after installation.