Hepatitis B and C: neglected infectious diseases among Syrian refugees in Lebanon

Background Hepatitis B and C are life-threatening infections that can result in liver-associated complications. Lebanon is a country experiencing its worst economic and political crises to date and is considered to be of low endemicity for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). We aimed to assess the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among Lebanese and Syrian refugees residing in Lebanon, to describe the current situation beyond statistical scrutiny and identify risks and long-term consequences associated with neglecting these infections. Methods We extracted data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV among the Lebanese population and Syrian refugees residing in Lebanon from 2013 to 2018 and sorted them based on age and gender. We compared the prevalence of HBV and HCV among these groups to the prevalence among the Syrians remaining in Syria, after which we calculated the expected number of HBV and HCV cases in Lebanon based on the total number of registered Syrian refugees in Lebanon. We conducted an extensive literature review using MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Results The prevalence of HBV and HCV in Lebanon from 2013 to 2018 was 1.74% and 0.21%, respectively. 13% of HBV cases and 6% of HCV cases were associated with Syrian refugees. HBV and HCV were more prevalent among men than women for both the Lebanese population and the Syrian refugees. Among the total population, the 20-39 age group represented 40% of HBV and 30% of HCV cases. For the Syrian refugee subgroup, 57% of HBV cases and 28% of HCV cases were reported among individuals aged 20-39 years. The prevalence of HBV and HCV among the total Syrian population in Syria was 5.6% and 2.8%, which was significantly higher than the prevalence among the Syrian refugees in Lebanon for both HBV (0.003%) and HCV (0.001%). The number of HBV and HCV cases recorded among the Syrian refugees in Lebanon was significantly lower than the expected number of HBV and HCV cases. Conclusions Hepatitis B and C are neglected diseases among the Syrian refugee population in Lebanon. Continued neglect can increase the risk of chronic viral hepatitis complications and mortality, further increasing the health and economic burden in Lebanon. Urgent action is needed from the host country and the international community to achieve better surveillance, detection, and linkage to medical care in order to manage and prevent unexpected consequences.