Energy Alternatives

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Hoarding accounted for the crunch. In the four weeks ending 24 August 1973, US daily oil imports were 5.9 million barrels. For the four weeks ending 23 November 1974, imports were 6.5 million barrels. At year’s end availability was 4 per cent higher as domestic production had dropped 4 per cent. Yet demand was down 3 per cent in the week ending 21 December, instead of registering the 9 per cent annual rise. On the basis of five basic oil items, stockpiles on 28 December 1973 were 759 million barrels, compared to 722 million on 22 August 1973. Science, 183 (4121) 18 January 1974, p. 183.2. S.W. Angrist and L.G. Heplar, Order and Chaos, Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex England, 1973, p 76.3. See, for example, Christopher T. Rend, ‘The Arabian Fantasy’, Harper’s Magazine, 248 (1484), January 1974, p 42 ff.4. Science, 183 (4125), 15 February 1974, pp. 641–643.5. ‘Oil-induced Recession, Background Statistics’, Aviation Report Supplement No. 192, Aviation Studies Atlantic, London, England, March 1974.6. Business Week, 5 January 1974, pp. 42–43.7. ‘More Rivals Join the Tar Sands Race’, Business Week (2315), 26 January 1974, p 23.8. Hannes Alfven, ‘Fission Energy and other sources of Energy’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 30 (1), January 1974, pp. 4–8.9. David J. Rose, ‘Energy Policy in the US’, Scientific American, 230 (1), January 1974, pp 20–29.10. Science, 183 (4125), 15 February 1974. See pp. 636–638 on US Energy Budget.11. Stephen A. Kerris, Jr., ‘A First Hurrah for Technology’, National Review, 25 (51), 21 December 1973, p. 1402 ff.12. ‘Oil-induced recession, background statistics’, no. 5, p. 10.13. Special Report: ‘Enough Energy—If Resources are Allocated Right’, Business Week, (2276), 21 April 1973, p 56.14. International Herald Tribune, 3–4 August, 1974.15. ‘Lignite has its drawbacks-but it’s cheap’, Business Week (2322), 15 March 1974, p 102 ff.16. Edmund A. Nephew, Technology Review, 76 (2), December 1973, pp 20–29.17. Vaclav Smil, ‘Energy and the Environment Scenarios for 1985 and 2000’, Futurist, 8 (1), February 1974, Washington DC, pp. 4–13.18. Special Report: ‘Enough Energy—If Resources are Allocated Right’, no. 13, p. 54.19. Much of the information is taken from Lawrence Lessing, ‘Capturing clean gas from coal’ Fortune, 88 (5), November 1973, p 129 ff.20. Harry Perry, ‘The gasification of coal’, Scientific American, 230 (3), March 1974, pp. 19–25. This article provides a good background to coal gasification.21. ‘Oil-induced recession, background statistics’, no. 5, p. 11.22. Ibid., p.12.23. Lawrence Lessing, no. 19, p. 216.24. Ibid. p. 131.25. ‘The best substitute for petrol may be petrol’, New Scientist, 61 (882), 24 January 1974, pp. 203–205.26. ‘At Last Canada’s Tar Sands Look Economic’, Business Week (2312), 5 January 1974, pp. 42–43.27. Special Report: ‘Enough Energy—If Resources are Allocated Right’, no. 13, p. 57.28. ‘The Energy Strategies: The Possony Papers’, Defence and Foreign Affairs Digest, San Francisco, Calif., 5, 1974.29. Ibid.30. New Scientist, 60 (876), 13 December 1973, p 771.31. New Scientist, 61 (881), 17 January 1974, Technology Review, p 134.32. ‘Synthetic Fuels: Will the Government Lend a Helping Hand?’ Science, 183 (4125), 15 February 1974, pp. 641–643.33. ‘The best substitute for petrol may be petrol’, no. 25.34. ‘Converting garbage into energy’, Business Week (2324), 30 March 1974, pp. 42–46.35. David J. Rose, no. 9.36. ‘Tidal Power’, Futurist, 8 (1), February 1974, p. 8.37. Technical Survey, 29 (38), Elizabeth, New Jersey, 13 October 1973, p 658.38. Ibid.39. Technical Survey, 29 (37), 29 September 1973, p. 623.40. David J. Rose, no. 9.41. ‘Geothermal Power’, Futurist, February 1974, p. 13.42. Special Report: ‘Enough Energy—If Resources are Allocated Right’, no.13, pp 57–58.43. Much of this information is taken from:44. G.O. Jones, J. Rotblat, and G.J. Whitrow, Atoms and the Universe, Penguin Books, 3rd edition, 1973, Chapter 4.45. Ryukichi Imai, ‘Nuclear Safeguards’, The Adelphi Papers, No. 86, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, March 1973.46. Science, 183 (S130), 22 March 1974, pp. 1172–1174.47. Ryukichi Imai, no. 45.48. A.J. Survey, ‘Energy Resources’, Futures, 5 (1), February 1973, pp. 99–107.49. Michael Kenward, ‘Nuclear Establishment at the Watershed’, New Scientist, 57 (836), 8 March 1973, pp.539–541.50. A.J. Survey, no. 48.51. New Scientist, 8 March 1973.52. Simon Rippon, ‘The Probable Costs of Reactor Safety’, New Scientist, 61 (883), 31 January 1974, pp. 252–255.53. Ryukichi Imai, no. 45.54. Hannes Alfven, no. 8.55. Ibid.56. ‘The Door Opens for US reactors’, Business Week, (23144), 19 January 1974, pp. 68–69.57. Nicholas Valery, ‘Steelmaking with heat from the atom’, New Scientist, 59 (863), 13 December 1973, pp. 610–165.58. New Scientist, 61 (879), 3 January 1974, has two readable articles on the HTGR. One on page 17, the other is ‘Promise of the Hot Reactor’ by Mario de Bacci, on pp 20–22.59. ‘The base programme of the DeBeNelux fast breeder project’, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Atomic Energy, September 1971, 5, IAEA, Vienna, 1972, pp. 63–68.60. Walter F. Morrow, Jr., ‘Solar Energy: Its time is Near’, Technology Review, 76 (2), December 1973, pp. 30–43.61. Larry L. Booda, ‘An Ocean-Based Solar-to-Hydrogen Energy Conversion Concept’, Sea Technology, 15 (2), February 1974.62. Most of the material for this section has been taken from the following two articles:63. William C. Gough, ‘The Promise of Fusion Power’, Futurist, 7 (5), October 1973, pp. 211–215.64. William C. Gough and Bernard J. Eastlund, ‘The Prospects of Fusion Power’, Scientific American, 224 (2), February 1971, pp. 50–64.65. Bruno Coppi and Jan Rem, ‘The Tokamak Approach in Fusion Research’, Scientific American, 227 (1), July 1972, pp. 65–75.66. William C. Gough and Bernard J. Eastlund, no. 64 p. 60.67. Moshe J. Lubin and Arthur P. Frass, ‘Fusion by Laser’, Scientific American, 224 (6), June 1971, pp. 21–33.68. Most of the material for this section was taken from:69. Walter F. Morrow, Jr., no. 60.70. ‘The Energy Strategies: The Possony Papers’, no. 28.71. Ibid.72. R. D. Shaver et.al, ‘The Space Shuttle as an Element in the National Space Programme’, RM-6244-1-PR, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., October 1970.73. Reginald Turnill, The Observer’s Book of Manned Spaceflight, Frederick Warne & Co. London, 1972, pp. 126–127.74. R. D. Shaver et.al, no. 72, p 30.75. Ibid. p. 26.76. ‘Boom Times Again for Semi-conductors’, Business Week, 20 April 1974, pp. 65–78. Quote from p. 66.77. ‘The Energy Strategies: The Possony Papers’, no. 28.78. Science Digest, April 1974.79. ‘New Interest in Fuel Cells’, Futurist, 8 (1), February 1974, p. 16.80. Derek Gregor, ‘The Hydrogen Economy’, Scientific American, 228 (1), January 1973, pp. 13–21.Additional informationNotes on contributorsRavi RikhyeRavi Rikhye has been a strategic analyst and a prolific writer on matters concerning defence, for Indian and international journals and newspapers, for more than three decades. His interests have focussed particularly on the Pakistani armed forces, and he is the author of several books on the subject.