工效学作为铁路行业的安全因素

M. Vorozhbiian, M. Ivashchenko, O. Skrypnyk, A. Rogozin
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The problems of ensuring the normal life of workers in dangerous professions in modern social and industrial conditions are caused primarily by the intense influence of negative social, professional and other factors that cause the development of adverse mental states and overstrain of psychophysiological functions. All this creates stressful situations, both in society in general and for every person. Of course, in addition to the above-mentioned stresses, an important place in the activity of a human operator is occupied by professional stress, which is constantly present. The systemic impact of stress has both an immediate and remote nature. Experimental studies have established that it reduces the level of functional reliability of the \"human operator\". Such states include, first of all, fatigue, stress and borderline states (between health and illness). 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引用次数: 0

摘要

铁路运输是一个巨大的、充满活力的系统,它的运行是由包括调度员和机车司机在内的数千名不同专业的工作人员协同工作决定的。在“人-技术-系统-生产环境”系统中,人是“最薄弱的环节”,决定着整个系统运行的可靠性和安全性。研究表明,驾驶员在高速交通条件下的工作对神经分析仪以及记忆和注意力的功能造成了很高的压力,导致他们迅速疲劳。对于大多数工人来说,由于轮班工作而产生的疲劳程度是不可接受的,监测工人的功能可靠性水平可以成为对抗累积疲劳的有效手段。在现代社会和工业条件下,确保从事危险职业的工人正常生活的问题主要是由于负面的社会、专业和其他因素的强烈影响造成的,这些因素导致不良精神状态的发展和心理生理功能的过度紧张。所有这些都给社会和每个人造成了压力。当然,除了上述压力之外,职业压力在人类操作员的活动中占据着重要的地位,这是不断存在的。压力对系统的影响既有直接的,也有遥远的。实验研究已经确定,它降低了“人类操作员”的功能可靠性水平。这些状态首先包括疲劳、压力和边缘状态(介于健康和疾病之间)。这些指标可以作为交通运输业发生缺血性猝死等相关现象的高风险指标。性能的缓慢部分和运行部分是有区别的,缓慢部分(趋势)在很长一段时间(月、年)内不会改变,而运行部分(功能状态)以“峰值”、“下降”或在数小时内相对平坦的“平台”的形式变化。由此可见,为了保持运输过程的适当安全水平,有必要对铁路运营商的效率水平进行控制,包括其趋势部分,同时考虑到今天持续存在的压力。有必要进行监测,作为对操作员功能状态变化的早期诊断预测,从而对职业可靠性状态进行预测。关键词:安全,人机工程学,诊断,专业可靠性,功能可靠性水平,趋势组件。
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ERGONOMICS AS A SAFETY FACTOR IN THE RAILWAY INDUSTRY
Railway transport is a huge energetic system, the functioning of which is determined by the coordinated work of thousands of employees of various specialties, including dispatchers and locomotive drivers. In the "man-technical system-production environment" system, a person is the "weakest link", determining the reliability and safety of the system's functioning as a whole. Studies show that the driver's work in conditions of high-speed traffic involves a high level of stress on the nervous analyzers, as well as the functions of memory and attention, which leads to their rapid fatigue. The level of fatigue obtained as a result of the work shift is unacceptable for most workers, monitoring the level of functional reliability of the worker can be an effective means of combating accumulated fatigue. The problems of ensuring the normal life of workers in dangerous professions in modern social and industrial conditions are caused primarily by the intense influence of negative social, professional and other factors that cause the development of adverse mental states and overstrain of psychophysiological functions. All this creates stressful situations, both in society in general and for every person. Of course, in addition to the above-mentioned stresses, an important place in the activity of a human operator is occupied by professional stress, which is constantly present. The systemic impact of stress has both an immediate and remote nature. Experimental studies have established that it reduces the level of functional reliability of the "human operator". Such states include, first of all, fatigue, stress and borderline states (between health and illness). Such indicators can be an indicator of high danger of such a relevant phenomenon for the transport industry as sudden ischemic death. A distinction is made between the slow and operational components of performance, while the slow (trend) does not change for a long time (month, years), and the operational (functional state) changes in the form of "peaks", "declines" or a relatively flat "plateau" during hours. It follows from this that in order to maintain the appropriate level of safety of the transport process, it is necessary to implement control of the level of efficiency of railway operators, including its trending part, taking into account the presence of constant stresses today. It is necessary to conduct monitoring as a prediction of early diagnosis of changes in the functional state of operators, and therefore the state of professional reliability. Keywords: safety, ergonomics, diagnostics, professional reliability, level of functional reliability, trend component.
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