Performance of pollinators of the tropical bromeliad tillandsia stricta sol. (Bromeliaceae) in the Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACTBackground Most bromeliad (Bromeliaceae) species have specialised flowers for specific pollinators, establishing a mutualistic relationship. However, other animals may also pollinate bromeliads, though it is logical to assume that specialised flowers are more compatible with one specific group of pollinators.Aims We compared the performance of a hummingbird (Thalurania glaucopis) and a butterfly (Heliconius erato) as pollinators of flowers classified as ornithophilous of the bromeliad Tillandsia stricta (Bromeliaceae).Methods We applied the single visit method with seed counting, and measured corolla tube length of flowers. We also conducted observations on plants to determine the effectiveness of pollination by the hummingbird and the butterfly.Results Both animal species pollinated flowers, although the hummingbird was a more frequent and effective pollinator, resulting in greater seed production. The corolla tube length of T. stricta was a significant predictor of seeds produced per flower following interactions with the hummingbird, but not with the butterfly.Conclusion Our results indicate a more intimate flower – pollinator relationship between T. stricta and the hummingbird than the butterfly in this population of the bromeliad in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.KEYWORDS: Atlantic ForestBrazilBromeliaceaefloral syndromehummingbirdspollinationDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also. AcknowledgementsResearch in Pedra Branca State Park (PEPB: Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca) was authorised by the Rio de Janeiro State Environment Institute (INEA: Instituto Estadual do Ambiente) through permit number 008/2015. The authors thank PEPB for logistical support. They are also grateful to Stephen Ferrari for his review of the English text. The authors also thank the editors (including the subject editor, Richard Abbott) and the anonymous reviewers for the valuable contributions which greatly improved the manuscript. Funding for this study was provided by the Brazilian Coordination for Higher Education Personnel Training (CAPES: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) by granting C.C.C.M. a doctoral research scholarship and C.J.O.M with a master’s scholarship (this study was financed in part by CAPES—Finance Code 001). The Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ: Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) provided C.C.C.M. with a grant (DSC-10 process E_01/201.955/2017) and supported the research of M.A.S.A. (CNE processes E-26/203191/2015, E-26/202.835/2018, E-26/201126/2022). The Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) provided M.A.S.A. with a research fellowship (PQ processes 305798/2014-6, 306.579/2018-9, 308615/2022-0), who was also supported by a productivity fellowship from Rio de Janeiro State University (Prociência, UERJ/FAPERJ).Authors’ contributionsCCCM conceived the study and designed the methods; CCCM collected the data; CCCM and CJOM analysed the data; CCCM and CJOM led the writing of the manuscript. MASA participated in the writing, contributing with important intellectual content and revision, and financial support through her research grants. All the authors contributed fundamentally to the drafts and gave final approval for publication.Declaration of interest statementThe corresponding author confirms that this work does not present any type of conflict of interest.Data archiving statementThe data were published in the Zenodo Repository (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6299296), with a one-year embargo (until December 31 2023).Figure 1. Inflorescence of Tillandsia stricta (Bromeliaceae) with available flowers (purple) for visitors. Photograph: XXX.Display full sizeFigure 2. Corolla tube length of the flowers of Tillandsia stricta (Bromeliaceae) visited by hummingbirds (Thalurania glaucopis) and butterflies (Heliconius erato) in Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Display full sizeFigure 3. Relationship between the corolla tube length and seed production of Tillandsia stricta (Bromeliaceae) following interactions with hummingbirds (Thalurania glaucopis) in Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Display full sizeReferences Aizen MA, Harder LD. 2007. Expanding the limits of the pollen-limitation concept: effects of pollen quantity and quality. Ecology, 88(2), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1017 [Crossref] [PubMed] [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar] Almeida JM, Missagia CCC, Alves, MAS., Jia, Z-Y. 2022. Effects of the availability of floral resources and neighboring plants on nectar robbery in a specialized pollination system. Current Zoology, 68(5), 541–548. 10.1093/cz/zoab083 [Crossref] [PubMed] [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar] Altmann J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling. 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