Antimicrobial resistance-associated mutations in chromosomal genes of ESKAPE pathogens

The worldwide successful expansion of ESKAPE pathogens is largely due to their ability to rapidly acquire high antimicrobial resistance levels. The bacterial resistome includes (1) plasmid-encoded genes acquired as a result of horizontal gene transfer, and (2) chromosomal genes associated with the antimicrobial resistance development. This review represents the priority list of the ESKAPE group chromosomal genes, mutations in which are associated with antimicrobial resistance. The diversity of chromosomal genes carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) associated mutations confers the rapid pathogen adaptation to antimicrobials by generation of multilevel pathways to neutralize antibiotics. Analysis of the AMR mechanisms associated only with plasmid resistance genes is insufficient. A comprehensive description of AMR mechanisms should include also an analysis of chromosomal genes, mutations in which lead to increased levels of antimicrobial resistance.