Turbulence-induced electrical discharges in charged particle-laden Martian boundary layers

Martian dust storms in the planetary boundary layer share many qualitative similarities to terrestrial sandstorms. Both of these turbulence-driven, particle-laden boundary layer flows are known to generate electric fields due to the transport of differentially charged particles; this charge separation can be strong enough to lead to dielectric breakdown in the form of sparks or lightning. Using wall-modelled large-eddy simulations supplemented with conservation of equations for the charged particle transport, representative simulations of neutrally stable Martian and terrestrial particle-laden boundary layer flows are compared. The simulations, albeit canonical in nature, provide evidence to support previous observations of the less frequent occurrence of lightning on Mars but a higher occurrence of localised electric discharge events due to the much lower breakdown potential. The rarefied Martian atmosphere impedes charged particle transport, resulting in a weaker electric field than the equivalent terrestrial sandstorm. The lower drag force in the rarefied Martian atmosphere means that the electrostatic force plays a more significant role in the particle transport, which results in a self-regulation of the electric field. The strongest Martian dust storms show evidence of significant breakdown events and these discharge events only occur very close to the ground despite the very large boundary layer on Mars.