Study on Marine actinomycetes and analysis of their secondary metabolites

Actinomycetes are relatively prevalent bacteria in the ocean, constituting 9% of the total number of marine bacteria. The advancement of science and technology has led to a more profound exploration of marine actinomycetes. These studies hold immense significance in comprehending the distribution and adaptation of marine actinomycetes within the oceanic environment, as well as uncovering new secondary metabolites. Based on differing lifestyles, marine actinomycetes can be categorized as free-living or co-epiphytic. The activity and metabolism of actinomycetes vary across diverse marine settings, including the deep sea, benthic regions, and marine organisms. Due to their distinctive biological traits and genetic background, these marine actinomycetes inevitably generate metabolites possessing unique structures. Research methodologies concerning marine actinomycetes predominantly encompass traditional pure culture techniques, molecular biology approaches, and the integration of metagenomics and bioinformatics. The exploration of varied methodologies proves pivotal for the analysis of metabolite processes. Through the cultivation of marine actinomycetes, numerous compounds featuring novel structures and significant activities have been isolated, furnishing a substantial foundation for new drug investigations. These encompass, but are not restricted to, peptides, antibiotics, terpenoids, ketones, quinones, macrolides, and pigments. The potential applications of marine actinomyces and their secondary metabolites extend beyond antibacterial and anti-tumor effects, exhibiting promising prospects in antifungal and antiviral domains. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the classification, resources, research methodologies, and habitats of marine actinomycetes. Furthermore, it delves into the classification of secondary metabolites and their functional activities, facilitating a more exhaustive analysis of the secondary metabolites produced by marine actinomycetes.