尼日利亚小农的市场参与、特点、拖拉机使用影响及决定因素

Achoja Roland Onomu
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A multistage sampling technique was applied to select 280 smallholder farmers for the research. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching (PMS) were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the smallholders' market participation level is low. Most smallholders (62 percent) could not sell up to 50 percent of their products. The study showed that smallholders participate in the market at different output sales levels, with most tractor-users participating in the market at a high output sales level. In contrast, many non-tractor users participated at low output sales, indicating poor market participation. Most smallholders sell their produce at the farm gate to date. Smallholder tractor use remains low. Only 28 percent of the total respondents used tractors. 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摘要

摘要:小农从使用粗器的被动农作向积极、有回报的市场参与的转变仍然存在问题。多年来,小农农业和市场一直与许多中间商、农场上门销售和消费联系在一起。然而,由于尼日利亚和许多其他发展中国家的政府干预、全球化和第四次工业革命,缺乏关于最近发生的变化的信息。因此,本研究考察了小农的市场参与、参与水平、影响小农市场参与的因素、小农耕作的动力、拖拉机的使用以及拖拉机对小农市场参与的影响。采用多阶段抽样技术,选取280名小农进行研究。采用描述性统计和倾向评分匹配(PMS)对数据进行分析。研究发现,小农的市场参与水平较低。大多数小农(62%)的产品销量达不到50%。研究表明,小农在不同的产量销售水平参与市场,大多数拖拉机用户在高产量销售水平参与市场。相比之下,许多非拖拉机用户参与了低产量销售,表明市场参与度低。迄今为止,大多数小农在农场门口出售他们的农产品。小农拖拉机的使用率仍然很低。只有28%的受访者使用拖拉机。PSM分析显示,拖拉机的使用显著影响了小农的市场参与者以及教育水平、种植面积和获得农业活动信息(如市场信息)的机会。小农从事另一种职业对其市场参与产生负面影响。农业经验对小农的市场参与没有积极影响,这可能是由于技术采用不佳。农业和市场参与似乎没有改变,大多数个人,而不是集体小农,不经常为市场生产。尽管创收是他们农业生产的主要动机,但他们的市场参与并没有取得有意义的进展。的确,一些小农主要为消费而生产,但确保家庭粮食安全的唯一目的是许多家庭从事农业的最不重要的原因。如果采用包括拖拉机在内的技术和合适的方法,小农就有可能积极转变为积极的主流市场参与,本研究在使用拖拉机的小农中得到了证明。建议在解决小农市场参与问题的所有政策中优先考虑小农的拖拉机使用问题。小农不应被视为只为了消费而种田的农民。
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Smallholder's Market Participation, Characteristics, Tractor Use Implication and Determinants in Nigeria
ABSTRACT: The smallholders' transformation from the passive nature of farming using crude implements into active and rewarding market participation remains problematic. Over the years, smallholder farming and market have been associated with trails of many middlemen, farm gate sales, and consumption. However, there is a lack of information on the recent changes that have occurred due to government intervention, globalization, and the fourth industrial revolution in Nigeria and many other developing countries. Hence, this study investigates the smallholders' market participation, level of participation, determinants of the smallholders' market participation, driving force behind the smallholder farming, tractor-use, and tractor-use impact on the smallholders' market participation. A multistage sampling technique was applied to select 280 smallholder farmers for the research. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching (PMS) were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the smallholders' market participation level is low. Most smallholders (62 percent) could not sell up to 50 percent of their products. The study showed that smallholders participate in the market at different output sales levels, with most tractor-users participating in the market at a high output sales level. In contrast, many non-tractor users participated at low output sales, indicating poor market participation. Most smallholders sell their produce at the farm gate to date. Smallholder tractor use remains low. Only 28 percent of the total respondents used tractors. The PSM analysis revealed that tractor-use significantly impacts the smallholders' market participants alongside the education level, area cultivated, and access to information on farming activities such as market information. The smallholders' involvement in another occupation negatively impacts their market participation. The year(s) of farming experience did not positively impact the smallholder's market participation, which could be due to poor adoption of technology. The farming and market participation seems unchanged, with most individuals, not collective smallholders, not frequently producing for the market. Their market participation has not experienced meaningful progress despite income generation forming the major motive behind their farming. It is true that some smallholders mainly produce for consumption, but the sole purpose of ensuring households' food security is the least reason many households embark on farming. Positive transformation of the smallholder into active and mainstream market participation is possible if technology, including tractor, and suitable approaches are adopted, as evidenced by this research among smallholders who used tractors. It was recommended that the smallholders' tractor-use issue be prioritized in all policies addressing the smallholders' market participation. Smallholders should not be viewed as farmers who only went into farming for consumption.
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