Diagnostic and therapeutic management of cancer patients with pain: recommendations of the Expert Group of the Polish Association for Palliative Care, Polish Association for the Study of Pain, and Polish Association of Clinical Oncology

In order to elaborate diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations regarding the management of cancer patients with pain, a narrative review of the literature in PubMed and Cochrane database was conducted for the period of 2000–2022. An Expert Group of three scientific associations: Polish Association of Palliative Care, Polish Association for the Study of Pain, and Polish Association of Clinical Oncology was appointed, which made a literature review and formulated guidelines with strength of recommendations and quality of evidence. To achieve optimal effect of pain treatment cancer patients require complex clinical assessment of pain with detailed recognition of pathophysiology, intensity and time frame (baseline and breakthrough — episodic) of pain. Pain evaluation should encompass other symptoms, comorbidities, disturbances in psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions, which may induce patients’ suffering and total pain appearance. An important role plays anticancer local and systemic treatment, which may induce or exacerbate pain induced by cancer or comorbidities. A standard approach in patients with chronic pain in the course of cancer and other diseases is based on World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder algorithm, which is supplemented with non-pharmacological management. It is recommended an individual approach in pain treatment depending on clinical situation of a concrete patient. Efforts should be made to effectively manage other symptoms, which accompany cancer. An introduction of specific treatment taking into account given pathophysiology, time frame and intensity of pain increase effectiveness and significantly shorten time necessary to achieve effective analgesia, and moreover contribute to decrease intensity and frequency of adverse effects of analgesics used.