Crowding-based multi-objective artificial gorilla troops optimizer for brushless direct current motor design optimization

Purpose This paper aims to present a novel multi-objective version of the Gorilla Troops optimizer (GTO), based on crowding distance, to achieve the optimal design of a brushless direct current motor. Design/methodology/approach In the proposed algorithm, the crowding distance technique was integrated into the GTO to perform the leader selection and also for the external archive refinement from extra non-dominated solutions. Furthermore, with a view to improving the diversity of non-dominated solutions in the external archive, mutation operator was used. For constrained problems, an efficient strategy was adopted. The proposed algorithm is referred to as CD-MOGTO. Findings To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, it was initially tested on three constrained multi-objective problems; thereafter, it was applied to optimize the design variables of brushless direct current motor to concurrently fulfill six inequality constraints, maximize efficiency and minimize total mass. Originality/value The results revealed the high potential of the proposed algorithm over different recognized algorithms in solving constrained multi-objective issues and the brushless direct current motors.