处理碳农业土壤压实的轮作耕作方法

IF 2.9 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Soil Systems Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI:10.3390/soilsystems7040090
Chris Cavalaris, Theofanis Gemtos, Christos Karamoutis
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引用次数: 0

摘要

保护性耕作实践,如减少耕作和免耕作,作为再生农业和碳农业概念的核心要素,最近受到了极大的关注。通过减少机械土壤干扰,这些做法保持土壤碳和促进二氧化碳在土壤中的固定。尽管人们普遍承认免耕的好处,但许多农民仍然对免耕持怀疑态度。他们主要关心的是杂草管理和土壤压实。虽然杂草可以通过综合杂草管理策略得到有效控制,但紧急土壤压实问题只能通过机械干预来快速解决。这就是为什么许多免耕农民在一种被称为轮作的计划中,偶尔会采取重耕,无意中牺牲了他们在土壤碳中的可再生资产。这也是碳农业中的一个关键问题:在一个专注于碳固定的合规计划结束时,土壤碳的命运。本研究在希腊进行了为期六年的长期耕作试验,研究了土壤有机质(SOM)、土壤渗透阻力(PR)和干容重(DBD)的数据。在此期间,对试验设计进行了修改,允许五种耕作方法(常规耕作,三种减少耕作方法和免耕作)的不同组合。这些发现确实强调了农民对土壤压实的担忧。在免耕的表层土壤中也观察到高水平的PR和DBD。连续四年免耕后,采用传统的犁耕(MP)或减少的凿子犁耕(CP)改善了大部分土壤的压实;然而,与此同时,这给SOM带来了不利的后果。相比之下,在采样深度为0-0.30 m的情况下,永久使用NT六年,SOM的显著增强达到2.24%,而永久使用MP则为1.54%。免耕轮作第5年时,固碳流失近50%,土壤有机质下降至1.87%。然而,在0.15-0.30 m深层观测到的SOM数量比永久NT要多。这表明,尽管耕作导致了SOM的一些损失,但它也促进了SOM均匀分布到土壤剖面中,而不是长期NT的表层土壤积累。永久CP方法和NT/CP轮作在土壤压实和土壤固碳方面都与NT/MP轮作方案有比较结果。其他耕作组合均较差。
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Rotational Tillage Practices to Deal with Soil Compaction in Carbon Farming
Conservation tillage practices, such as reduced tillage and no-tillage, have recently garnered significant attention as core elements of the regenerative agriculture and carbon farming concepts. By minimizing mechanical soil disturbance, these practices preserve soil carbon and facilitate CO2 fixation in the soil. Despite the widely acknowledged benefits, many farmers still approach no-tillage with skepticism. Their primary concerns are weed management and soil compaction. While weeds can be effectively controlled with the deployment of integrated weed management strategies, urgent soil compaction problems can be rapidly resolved only with mechanical interventions. That is why many no-till farmers resort to occasional heavy tillage, in a scheme characterized as rotational tillage, inadvertently sacrificing their regenerative assets in soil carbon. This is also a pivotal issue within carbon farming: the fate of soil carbon at the end of a compliant scheme focused on carbon fixation. The present study explores data of soil organic matter (SOM), soil penetration resistance (PR), and dry bulk density (DBD) from the initial, six-year period of a long-term tillage experiment in Greece. During that period, modifications to the experimental design allowed diverse combinations of five tillage methods (conventional tillage, 3 reduced tillage methods, and no-tillage). The findings indeed underscore the farmers’ concerns about soil compaction. High levels of PR and DBD were observed even at the topsoil layer of the no-tillage (NT). Conventional, moldboard plowing (MP) or reduced, chisel plowing (CP) applied after four years of uninterrupted no-tillage ameliorated most of the soil compaction; however, at the same time, this induced unfavorable consequences for SOM. In contrast, NT applied permanently for six years resulted in a substantial enhancement in SOM that reached 2.24%, for a sampling depth 0–0.30 m compared to 1.54% for permanent MP. When no-tillage was rotated with plowing in the fifth year, almost 50% of the sequestered carbon was lost and the SOM dropped to 1.87%. Nevertheless, the amount of SOM observed at the deeper 0.15–0.30 m layer was greater compared to permanent NT. This suggests that while plowing induced some loss of SOM, it also facilitated the uniform distribution into the soil profile, in contrast with the accumulation in the topsoil at prolonged NT. The permanent CP method and the NT/CP rotation provided comparative outcomes in terms of both soil compaction and soil carbon sequestration with the rotational NT/MP scheme, while all the other tillage combinations were inferior.
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来源期刊
Soil Systems
Soil Systems Earth and Planetary Sciences-Earth-Surface Processes
CiteScore
5.30
自引率
5.70%
发文量
80
审稿时长
11 weeks
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