{"title":"乌尔米湖流域水政策评价:政府是否准确地发现了问题?","authors":"Saeed Esmailzadeh, Atefeh Parvaresh Rizi, Hojjat Mianabadi","doi":"10.1080/00139157.2023.2245741","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the respected Editor-in-Chief and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments and constructive suggestions.The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.Editing assistance was provided by a past editorial team member.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 E. R. Alexander and A. Faludi, “Planning and Plan Implementation: Notes on Evaluation Criteria,” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 16, no. 2 (1989): 127–40, doi:10.1068/b160127.2 L. N. Gerston, Public Policy Making Process and Principles (New York: Armonk, 1997).3 D. Nachmais, Public Policy Evaluation: Approaches and Methods (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979).4 M. Scriven, Evaluation Thesaurus (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991).5 S. Islam and L. E. Susskind, Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Managing Complex Water Networks (New York: Routledge, 2012).6 P. M. Reed and J. Kasprzyk, “Water Resources Management: The Myth, the Wicked, and the Future,” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 135, no. 6 (2009): 411–13, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000047.7 S. Kirschke, C. Franke, J. Newig, and D. Borchardt, “Clusters of Water Governance Problems and Their Effects on Policy Delivery,” Policy and Society 38, no. 2 (2019): 255–77, doi:10.1080/14494035.2019.1586081.8 H. Mianabadi, “Hydropolitics and Conflict Management in Transboundary River Basins,” PhD thesis, TU Delft, 2016.9 S. Chen, “Sport Policy Evaluation: What Do We Know and How Might We Move Forward,” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 10, no. 4 (2018): 741–59, doi:10.1080/19406940.2018.1488759.10 D. Mosse, “Is Good Policy Unimplementable? Reflections on the Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice,” in The Anthropology of Organisations (Burlington: Routledge, 2017), 451–83.11 A. Crabb and P. Leroy, The Handbook of Environmental Policy Evaluation (London: Routledge, 2012).12 Anchita, A. Zhupankhan, Z. Khaibullina, Y. Kabiyev, K. M. Persson, and K. Tussupova, “Health Impact of Drying Aral Sea: One Health and Socio-Economical Approach,” Water 13, no. 22 (2021): 3196, doi:10.3390/w13223196.13 K. Hooper et al., “Analysis of Breast Milk to Assess Exposure to Chlorinated Contaminants in Kazakstan: High Levels of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) in Agricultural Villages of Southern Kazakstan,” Environmental Health Perspectives 106, no. 12 (1998): 797–806, doi:10.1289/ehp.98106797.14 A. Eimanifar and F. Mohebbi, “Urmia Lake (Northwest Iran): A Brief Review,” Saline Systems 3, no. 1 (2007): 1–8, doi:10.1186/1746-1448-3-5.15 S. Shadkam, “Preserving Urmia Lake in a Changing World: Reconciling Anthropogenic and Climate Drivers by Hydrological Modelling and Policy Assessment,” PhD thesis, Wageningen, 2017.16 V. Garousi, A. Najafi, A. Samadi, K. Rasouli, and B. Khanaliloo, “Environmental Crisis in Lake Urmia, Iran: A Systematic Review of Causes, Negative Consequences and Possible Solutions,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment (IPWE) (2013): 1–10, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4737.0088.17 E. Torabian, “Exploring Social Vulnerability and Environmental Migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative Insights From the Aral Sea,” in The State of Environmental Migration 2014: Review of the Year 2013, no. 4 (2014): 65–87.18 A. AghaKouchak et al., “Aral Sea Syndrome Desiccates Lake Urmia: Call for Action,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): 307–11, doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.007.19 B. Shirmohammadi et al., “Scenario Analysis for Integrated Water Resources Management Under Future Land Use Change in the Urmia Lake Region, Iran,” Land Use Policy 90 (2020), doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104299.20 Urmia Lake Restoration Program, “Urmia Lake Level Archive,” 2022, http://www.ulrp.ir (accessed Aug. 02, 2021).21 M. Hashemi, “A Socio-Technical Assessment Framework for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Lake Urmia Basin, Iran,” PhD thesis, Newcastle University, 2012.22 B. Khazaei et al., “Climatic or Regionally Induced by Humans? Tracing Hydro-Climatic and Land-Use Changes to Better Understand the Lake Urmia Tragedy,” Journal of Hydrology 569, November (2019): 203–17, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.004.23 M. Schmidt, R. Gonda, and S. Transiskus, “Environmental Degradation at Lake Urmia (Iran): Exploring the Causes and Their Impacts on Rural Livelihoods,” GeoJournal 86, no. 5 (2021): 2149–63, doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10180-w.24 E. Hassanzadeh, M. Zarghami, and Y. Hassanzadeh, “Determining the Main Factors in Declining the Urmia Lake Level by Using System Dynamics Modeling,” Water Resource Management 26, no. 1 (2012): 129–45, doi:10.1007/s11269-011-9909-8.25 M. J. Tourian, O. Elmi, Q. Chen, B. Devaraju, S. Roohi, and N. Sneeuw, “A Spaceborne Multisensor Approach to Monitor the Desiccation of Lake Urmia in Iran,” Remote Sensing of Environment 156 (2015): 349–60, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2014.10.006.26 M. Rajabi Hashjin, “The Need to Restorate Lake Urmia, the Causes of Drought and Threats” (in Persian), Tehran, 2015.27 Iran Water Resources Management Company, “List of Dams in Iran,” 2020, http://daminfo.wrm.ir/fa/dam/tabularview (accessed November 3, 2020).28 M. Fasihi Harandi, S. Talebi, and A. Farrokhniya, “Assessment of Urmia Lake Resuscitation Program” (in Persian), Tehran, 2019.29 P. Pouladi et al., “Interconnected Governance and Social Barriers Impeding the Restoration Process of Lake Urmia,” Journal of Hydrology 598 (2021), doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126489.30 H. Nasrollahi, R. Shirazizadeh, R. Shirmohammadi, O. Pourali, and M. Amidpour, “Unraveling the Water-Energy-Food-Environment Nexus for Climate Change Adaptation in Iran: Urmia Lake Basin Case-Study,” Water 13, no. 9 (2021): 1–25, doi:10.3390/w13091282.31 D. Cavallucci, F. Rousselot, and C. Zanni, “Assisting R&D Activities Definition Through Problem Mapping,” CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (2009): 131–36, doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2008.09.014.32 B. Feizizadeh, T. Lakes, D. Omarzadeh, A. Sharifi, T. Blaschke, and S. Karimzadeh, “Scenario-Based Analysis of the Impacts of Lake Drying on Food Production in the Lake Urmia Basin of Northern Iran,” Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022), doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10159-2.33 M. Ženko and F. Menga, “Linking Water Scarcity to Mental Health: Hydro–Social Interruptions in the Lake Urmia Basin, Iran,” Water 11, no. 5 (2019): 1–20, doi:10.3390/w11051092.34 J. Yaghoubi and L. Molan-Nejad, “Assessing Attitudes of Farmers to Participate in the Process of Preserving and Restoring Urmia Lake and Its Related Factors in Miandoab Township” (in Persian), Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal 13, no. 1 (2017): 47–58.35 M. Farajzadeh, “Analytical Conflict Mapping in the Complex Water System of Urmia Lake Basin,” MSc thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, 2019.36 R. K. Rai, V. P. Singh, and A. Upadhyay, “Scheme Irrigation Efficiency,” in Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects (Elsevier, 2017), 525–38.37 M. Kuburić, M. Trifković, and Ž. Nestorović, “Efficient Water Use and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Agricultural Land Use—The Aspect of Land Consolidation,” Sustainability 14, no. 22 (2022), doi:10.3390/su142215453.38 O. Bozorg-Haddad, M. Abutalebi, X. Chu, and H. A. Loáiciga, “Assessment of Potential of Intraregional Conflicts by Developing a Transferability Index for Inter-Basin Water Transfers, and Their Impacts on the Water Resources,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 1 (2020): 40, doi:10.1007/s10661-019-8011-1.39 S. Mirnezami and A. Bagheri, “Assessing the Water Governance System for Groundwater Conservation in Iran (in Persian),” Iran-Water Resources Research 13, no. 2 (2017): 32–55.40 M. Parsinejad et al., “40 Years of Lake Urmia Restoration Research: Review, Synthesis and Next Steps,” Science of The Total Environment 832, (2022): 155055, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155055.41 S. E. Barhagh, M. Zarghami, Y. Alizade Govarchin Ghale, and M. R. Shahbazbegian, “System Dynamics to Assess the Effectiveness of Restoration Scenarios for the Urmia Lake: A Prey-Predator Approach for the Human-Environment Uncertain Interactions,” Journal of Hydrology 593 (2021): 125891, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125891.42 J. Novak, Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge, Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporations (Routledge, 1998).43 D. H. Jonassen, “Learning to Solve Problems: An Instructional Design Guide,” Gifted and Talented International 24, no. 2 (2009): 153–54, doi:10.1080/15332276.2009.11673538.44 S. K. Kamble and B. L. Tembe, “The Effect of Use of Concept Maps on Problem Solving Performance and Attitude in Mechanical Engineering Course,” Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 (2013): 748–54, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.141.45 B. Moon, R. R. Hoffman, J. Novak, and A. Canas, Applied Concept Mapping: Capturing, Analyzing, and Organizing Knowledge (London: CRC Press, 2011).46 J. D. Novak and A. J. Cañas, “The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct Them,” Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition 1, no. 1 (2006): 1–31.47 J. Kolko, Wicked Problems: Problems Worth Solving (Austin, TX: Austin Center for Design (Ac4d), 2012).48 M. Davies, “Concept Mapping, Mind Mapping and Argument Mapping: What Are the Differences and Do They Matter?,” Higher Education 62, no. 3 (2011): 279–301, doi:10.1007/s10734-010-9387-6.49 M. Zarghami and S. Akbariyeh, “System Dynamics Modeling for Complex Urban Water Systems: Application to the City of Tabriz, Iran,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 60 (2012): 99–106, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.008.50 R. Q. Grafton et al., “The Paradox of Irrigation Efficiency,” Science 361, no. 6404 (2018): 748–50, doi:10.1126/science.aat9314.51 J. C. Camillus, “Strategy as a Wicked Problem,” Harvard Business Review 86, no. 5 (2008): 1–10.52 I. Small, J. van der Meer, and R. E. Upshur, “Acting on an Environmental Health Disaster: The Case of the Aral Sea.,” Environmental Health Perspectives 109, no. 6 (2001): 547–49, doi:10.1289/ehp.01109547.For a short video showing how the disappearance of the Great Salt Lake in Utah mirrors Urmia Lake, see the 2023 Yale E360 Film contest winner “Vanishing Oasis” by filmmaker Jaxon Derow available online at https://e360.yale.edu/features/2023-film-contest-first-place-great-salt-lakeAdditional informationNotes on contributorsSaeed EsmailzadehSaeed Esmailzadeh is a graduate in water resources engineering at the University of Tehran. His research interests include problem identification, policy evaluation, wicked problems, and water governance.Atefeh Parvaresh RiziAtefeh Parvaresh Rizi is an associate professor in the Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department at the University of Tehran. Her research interests include management of irrigation projects, social topics in water engineering, and hydraulic structures.Hojjat MianabadiHojjat Mianabadi is an associate professor in the Water Engineering and Management Department at the Tarbiat Modares University. His research interests revolve around hydropolitics, water diplomacy, and water governance.","PeriodicalId":11695,"journal":{"name":"Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Evaluation of the Water Policies of the Urmia Lake Basin: Has the Government Accurately Identified the Problem?\",\"authors\":\"Saeed Esmailzadeh, Atefeh Parvaresh Rizi, Hojjat Mianabadi\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/00139157.2023.2245741\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the respected Editor-in-Chief and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments and constructive suggestions.The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.Editing assistance was provided by a past editorial team member.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 E. R. Alexander and A. Faludi, “Planning and Plan Implementation: Notes on Evaluation Criteria,” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 16, no. 2 (1989): 127–40, doi:10.1068/b160127.2 L. N. Gerston, Public Policy Making Process and Principles (New York: Armonk, 1997).3 D. Nachmais, Public Policy Evaluation: Approaches and Methods (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979).4 M. Scriven, Evaluation Thesaurus (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991).5 S. Islam and L. E. Susskind, Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Managing Complex Water Networks (New York: Routledge, 2012).6 P. M. Reed and J. Kasprzyk, “Water Resources Management: The Myth, the Wicked, and the Future,” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 135, no. 6 (2009): 411–13, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000047.7 S. Kirschke, C. Franke, J. Newig, and D. Borchardt, “Clusters of Water Governance Problems and Their Effects on Policy Delivery,” Policy and Society 38, no. 2 (2019): 255–77, doi:10.1080/14494035.2019.1586081.8 H. Mianabadi, “Hydropolitics and Conflict Management in Transboundary River Basins,” PhD thesis, TU Delft, 2016.9 S. Chen, “Sport Policy Evaluation: What Do We Know and How Might We Move Forward,” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 10, no. 4 (2018): 741–59, doi:10.1080/19406940.2018.1488759.10 D. Mosse, “Is Good Policy Unimplementable? Reflections on the Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice,” in The Anthropology of Organisations (Burlington: Routledge, 2017), 451–83.11 A. Crabb and P. Leroy, The Handbook of Environmental Policy Evaluation (London: Routledge, 2012).12 Anchita, A. Zhupankhan, Z. Khaibullina, Y. Kabiyev, K. M. Persson, and K. Tussupova, “Health Impact of Drying Aral Sea: One Health and Socio-Economical Approach,” Water 13, no. 22 (2021): 3196, doi:10.3390/w13223196.13 K. Hooper et al., “Analysis of Breast Milk to Assess Exposure to Chlorinated Contaminants in Kazakstan: High Levels of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) in Agricultural Villages of Southern Kazakstan,” Environmental Health Perspectives 106, no. 12 (1998): 797–806, doi:10.1289/ehp.98106797.14 A. Eimanifar and F. Mohebbi, “Urmia Lake (Northwest Iran): A Brief Review,” Saline Systems 3, no. 1 (2007): 1–8, doi:10.1186/1746-1448-3-5.15 S. Shadkam, “Preserving Urmia Lake in a Changing World: Reconciling Anthropogenic and Climate Drivers by Hydrological Modelling and Policy Assessment,” PhD thesis, Wageningen, 2017.16 V. Garousi, A. Najafi, A. Samadi, K. Rasouli, and B. Khanaliloo, “Environmental Crisis in Lake Urmia, Iran: A Systematic Review of Causes, Negative Consequences and Possible Solutions,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment (IPWE) (2013): 1–10, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4737.0088.17 E. Torabian, “Exploring Social Vulnerability and Environmental Migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative Insights From the Aral Sea,” in The State of Environmental Migration 2014: Review of the Year 2013, no. 4 (2014): 65–87.18 A. AghaKouchak et al., “Aral Sea Syndrome Desiccates Lake Urmia: Call for Action,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): 307–11, doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.007.19 B. Shirmohammadi et al., “Scenario Analysis for Integrated Water Resources Management Under Future Land Use Change in the Urmia Lake Region, Iran,” Land Use Policy 90 (2020), doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104299.20 Urmia Lake Restoration Program, “Urmia Lake Level Archive,” 2022, http://www.ulrp.ir (accessed Aug. 02, 2021).21 M. Hashemi, “A Socio-Technical Assessment Framework for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Lake Urmia Basin, Iran,” PhD thesis, Newcastle University, 2012.22 B. Khazaei et al., “Climatic or Regionally Induced by Humans? Tracing Hydro-Climatic and Land-Use Changes to Better Understand the Lake Urmia Tragedy,” Journal of Hydrology 569, November (2019): 203–17, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.004.23 M. Schmidt, R. Gonda, and S. Transiskus, “Environmental Degradation at Lake Urmia (Iran): Exploring the Causes and Their Impacts on Rural Livelihoods,” GeoJournal 86, no. 5 (2021): 2149–63, doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10180-w.24 E. Hassanzadeh, M. Zarghami, and Y. Hassanzadeh, “Determining the Main Factors in Declining the Urmia Lake Level by Using System Dynamics Modeling,” Water Resource Management 26, no. 1 (2012): 129–45, doi:10.1007/s11269-011-9909-8.25 M. J. Tourian, O. Elmi, Q. Chen, B. Devaraju, S. Roohi, and N. Sneeuw, “A Spaceborne Multisensor Approach to Monitor the Desiccation of Lake Urmia in Iran,” Remote Sensing of Environment 156 (2015): 349–60, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2014.10.006.26 M. Rajabi Hashjin, “The Need to Restorate Lake Urmia, the Causes of Drought and Threats” (in Persian), Tehran, 2015.27 Iran Water Resources Management Company, “List of Dams in Iran,” 2020, http://daminfo.wrm.ir/fa/dam/tabularview (accessed November 3, 2020).28 M. Fasihi Harandi, S. Talebi, and A. Farrokhniya, “Assessment of Urmia Lake Resuscitation Program” (in Persian), Tehran, 2019.29 P. Pouladi et al., “Interconnected Governance and Social Barriers Impeding the Restoration Process of Lake Urmia,” Journal of Hydrology 598 (2021), doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126489.30 H. Nasrollahi, R. Shirazizadeh, R. Shirmohammadi, O. Pourali, and M. Amidpour, “Unraveling the Water-Energy-Food-Environment Nexus for Climate Change Adaptation in Iran: Urmia Lake Basin Case-Study,” Water 13, no. 9 (2021): 1–25, doi:10.3390/w13091282.31 D. Cavallucci, F. Rousselot, and C. Zanni, “Assisting R&D Activities Definition Through Problem Mapping,” CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (2009): 131–36, doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2008.09.014.32 B. Feizizadeh, T. Lakes, D. Omarzadeh, A. Sharifi, T. Blaschke, and S. Karimzadeh, “Scenario-Based Analysis of the Impacts of Lake Drying on Food Production in the Lake Urmia Basin of Northern Iran,” Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022), doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10159-2.33 M. Ženko and F. Menga, “Linking Water Scarcity to Mental Health: Hydro–Social Interruptions in the Lake Urmia Basin, Iran,” Water 11, no. 5 (2019): 1–20, doi:10.3390/w11051092.34 J. Yaghoubi and L. Molan-Nejad, “Assessing Attitudes of Farmers to Participate in the Process of Preserving and Restoring Urmia Lake and Its Related Factors in Miandoab Township” (in Persian), Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal 13, no. 1 (2017): 47–58.35 M. Farajzadeh, “Analytical Conflict Mapping in the Complex Water System of Urmia Lake Basin,” MSc thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, 2019.36 R. K. Rai, V. P. Singh, and A. Upadhyay, “Scheme Irrigation Efficiency,” in Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects (Elsevier, 2017), 525–38.37 M. Kuburić, M. Trifković, and Ž. Nestorović, “Efficient Water Use and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Agricultural Land Use—The Aspect of Land Consolidation,” Sustainability 14, no. 22 (2022), doi:10.3390/su142215453.38 O. Bozorg-Haddad, M. Abutalebi, X. Chu, and H. A. Loáiciga, “Assessment of Potential of Intraregional Conflicts by Developing a Transferability Index for Inter-Basin Water Transfers, and Their Impacts on the Water Resources,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 1 (2020): 40, doi:10.1007/s10661-019-8011-1.39 S. Mirnezami and A. Bagheri, “Assessing the Water Governance System for Groundwater Conservation in Iran (in Persian),” Iran-Water Resources Research 13, no. 2 (2017): 32–55.40 M. Parsinejad et al., “40 Years of Lake Urmia Restoration Research: Review, Synthesis and Next Steps,” Science of The Total Environment 832, (2022): 155055, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155055.41 S. E. Barhagh, M. Zarghami, Y. Alizade Govarchin Ghale, and M. R. Shahbazbegian, “System Dynamics to Assess the Effectiveness of Restoration Scenarios for the Urmia Lake: A Prey-Predator Approach for the Human-Environment Uncertain Interactions,” Journal of Hydrology 593 (2021): 125891, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125891.42 J. Novak, Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge, Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporations (Routledge, 1998).43 D. H. Jonassen, “Learning to Solve Problems: An Instructional Design Guide,” Gifted and Talented International 24, no. 2 (2009): 153–54, doi:10.1080/15332276.2009.11673538.44 S. K. Kamble and B. L. Tembe, “The Effect of Use of Concept Maps on Problem Solving Performance and Attitude in Mechanical Engineering Course,” Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 (2013): 748–54, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.141.45 B. Moon, R. R. Hoffman, J. Novak, and A. Canas, Applied Concept Mapping: Capturing, Analyzing, and Organizing Knowledge (London: CRC Press, 2011).46 J. D. Novak and A. J. Cañas, “The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct Them,” Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition 1, no. 1 (2006): 1–31.47 J. Kolko, Wicked Problems: Problems Worth Solving (Austin, TX: Austin Center for Design (Ac4d), 2012).48 M. Davies, “Concept Mapping, Mind Mapping and Argument Mapping: What Are the Differences and Do They Matter?,” Higher Education 62, no. 3 (2011): 279–301, doi:10.1007/s10734-010-9387-6.49 M. Zarghami and S. Akbariyeh, “System Dynamics Modeling for Complex Urban Water Systems: Application to the City of Tabriz, Iran,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 60 (2012): 99–106, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.008.50 R. Q. Grafton et al., “The Paradox of Irrigation Efficiency,” Science 361, no. 6404 (2018): 748–50, doi:10.1126/science.aat9314.51 J. C. Camillus, “Strategy as a Wicked Problem,” Harvard Business Review 86, no. 5 (2008): 1–10.52 I. Small, J. van der Meer, and R. E. Upshur, “Acting on an Environmental Health Disaster: The Case of the Aral Sea.,” Environmental Health Perspectives 109, no. 6 (2001): 547–49, doi:10.1289/ehp.01109547.For a short video showing how the disappearance of the Great Salt Lake in Utah mirrors Urmia Lake, see the 2023 Yale E360 Film contest winner “Vanishing Oasis” by filmmaker Jaxon Derow available online at https://e360.yale.edu/features/2023-film-contest-first-place-great-salt-lakeAdditional informationNotes on contributorsSaeed EsmailzadehSaeed Esmailzadeh is a graduate in water resources engineering at the University of Tehran. His research interests include problem identification, policy evaluation, wicked problems, and water governance.Atefeh Parvaresh RiziAtefeh Parvaresh Rizi is an associate professor in the Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department at the University of Tehran. Her research interests include management of irrigation projects, social topics in water engineering, and hydraulic structures.Hojjat MianabadiHojjat Mianabadi is an associate professor in the Water Engineering and Management Department at the Tarbiat Modares University. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
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Evaluation of the Water Policies of the Urmia Lake Basin: Has the Government Accurately Identified the Problem?
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the respected Editor-in-Chief and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments and constructive suggestions.The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.Editing assistance was provided by a past editorial team member.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 E. R. Alexander and A. Faludi, “Planning and Plan Implementation: Notes on Evaluation Criteria,” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 16, no. 2 (1989): 127–40, doi:10.1068/b160127.2 L. N. Gerston, Public Policy Making Process and Principles (New York: Armonk, 1997).3 D. Nachmais, Public Policy Evaluation: Approaches and Methods (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979).4 M. Scriven, Evaluation Thesaurus (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991).5 S. Islam and L. E. 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Davies, “Concept Mapping, Mind Mapping and Argument Mapping: What Are the Differences and Do They Matter?,” Higher Education 62, no. 3 (2011): 279–301, doi:10.1007/s10734-010-9387-6.49 M. Zarghami and S. Akbariyeh, “System Dynamics Modeling for Complex Urban Water Systems: Application to the City of Tabriz, Iran,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 60 (2012): 99–106, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.008.50 R. Q. Grafton et al., “The Paradox of Irrigation Efficiency,” Science 361, no. 6404 (2018): 748–50, doi:10.1126/science.aat9314.51 J. C. Camillus, “Strategy as a Wicked Problem,” Harvard Business Review 86, no. 5 (2008): 1–10.52 I. Small, J. van der Meer, and R. E. Upshur, “Acting on an Environmental Health Disaster: The Case of the Aral Sea.,” Environmental Health Perspectives 109, no. 6 (2001): 547–49, doi:10.1289/ehp.01109547.For a short video showing how the disappearance of the Great Salt Lake in Utah mirrors Urmia Lake, see the 2023 Yale E360 Film contest winner “Vanishing Oasis” by filmmaker Jaxon Derow available online at https://e360.yale.edu/features/2023-film-contest-first-place-great-salt-lakeAdditional informationNotes on contributorsSaeed EsmailzadehSaeed Esmailzadeh is a graduate in water resources engineering at the University of Tehran. His research interests include problem identification, policy evaluation, wicked problems, and water governance.Atefeh Parvaresh RiziAtefeh Parvaresh Rizi is an associate professor in the Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department at the University of Tehran. Her research interests include management of irrigation projects, social topics in water engineering, and hydraulic structures.Hojjat MianabadiHojjat Mianabadi is an associate professor in the Water Engineering and Management Department at the Tarbiat Modares University. His research interests revolve around hydropolitics, water diplomacy, and water governance.
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