Fossil energy reduction for heating and cooling of buildings using shallow geothermal integrated energy systems – a comprehensive review

Ground source heat pumps (GSHP) are a very efficient system for space heating and cooling, and it was established in 1904. GSHPs can minimize the environmental effect of buildings by using the ground as a renewable energy source. The ground will act as a heat sink or heat source. The research collection aims at finding the various possible opportunities for the effec-tive integration of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) to decrease the fossil energy in the built environment and to reduce emission associated with it. The direct utilization of SGE using a ground source heat pump (GSHP) has been reviewed in detail for global north and global south countries, with a primary focus on heating application. The punctual information of results of various authors have been extensively summarized. This review discusses the GSHP installation status, SGE availability, GSHP system simulation, feasibilities, and performance. Worldwide more than one million GSHP systems have been installed, and the system is prev-alent in Europe, the Americas, and Asia. Most of the systems are installed for heating-domi-nated buildings in the global north. This paper also contains the research details pertaining to the last two decades about refrigerants and compressors for the development of GSHP. Finally, the feasibility study and the performance of the GSHP unit for different climatic conditions are reviewed and it is found that the technique is more feasible for cold and dry climatic con-ditions. This paper highlights the recent research findings and a potential gap in the above components for further research and development.