The use of artificial intelligence in driver-in-the-loop simulation: a literature review (2023)

ABSTRACTArtificial intelligence (AI) techniques are a reality in the most diverse engineering research and, intuitively, the same is true for automotive development. Meanwhile, driver-in-the-loop (DiL) simulation allows researchers to develop and test different vehicles and correlated systems without the need to build physical prototypes. Considering the increasing goal of reducing cost, project time, and most importantly the impact on the environment, the advantages of DiL simulation become even higher. In this scenario and given the growing need for analysis of considerably large sets of data obtained especially by the use of simulators, the present work undertakes a literature review regarding the use of artificial intelligence in driver-in-the-loop simulations. To do so, some keywords are defined as some boundary conditions also are, e.g. how old the paper is aiming not to consider outdated tools and technologies. Passing through three eliminatory revision steps, the full text of the final selected works is read with the aim to define where the research that uses IA and DiL simulation is aimed. The findings suggest that most of the works use the aforementioned tools to develop autonomous vehicles and their correlated systems. Finally, a discussion about this result is proposed and then a guideline for amplifying the reach of the present literature review is suggested.KEYWORDS: Artificial intelligencedriver-in-the-loop simulatorliterature reviewvehicle dynamicsvirtual simulation AcknowledgementsThis study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article or its supplementary materials.Additional informationFundingThe work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior [001].Notes on contributorsCádmo Augusto Rodrigues DiasCádmo Augusto Rodrigues Dias received the M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering in 2021 and B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering (minored in Mechatronics) from Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, in 2020, and currently is PhD student in PUC Minas, working at the SIM Center Laboratory. During this time, he worked on the correlation and the development of virtual vehicle models to vehicle dynamics simulations. His current research interests include vehicle dynamics, virtual simulation and vehicle simulators, artificial intelligence and software development.Jánes Landre JúniorJanes Landre Jr. received the B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from PUC Minas in 1987. Has specialization in Management Development Program from Fundação Dom Cabral (2004), MSc in Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering from Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), SãoPaulo, SP, Brazil, in 1991, PhD in Metallurgical Engineering from Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, in 2001, and improvement in a Management Development Program from PUC Minas (2011). He is currently an Adjunct Professor at PUC Minas, reviewer for a development project of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development and journal reviewer for the Indian Journal of Dental Research, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Thin-Walled Structures. Has experience in Materials and Metallurgical Engineering minored on Transformation Metallurgy. Acting mainly on the following themes: Forging, damage, FEA and vehicle dynamics.