The Intersection of Natural Landscapes, Human Health, and Adventure Experiences: Linkages and Outcomes

Defined as nonmotorized activities and experiences usually done in a natural or nature-based environment that involve elements of challenge and either real or perceived risk, in which the outcome is uncertain but influenced by the skill and ability of the participant, outdoor adventure recreation (OAR) often involves specific types of mental states, emotions, cognitions, perceptions, motivations, and associated behaviors that often have connections to personal health. OAR activities and associated programs can facilitate the development of positive and beneficial outcomes for individuals and groups with health-related outcomes that span the range of emotional, physical, psychological, and spiritual benefits. Although the health benefits of nature have long been ascribed to, and more recently are commanding greater attention, the relationship between OAR activities and personal health has a more recent history. To date, however, research has consistently shown that adventure activities, particularly those using natural and outdoor settings, can be important in promoting a broad range of positive health outcomes. This article provides an overview of what OAR is, what activities constitute the OAR experience, and how these experiences and activities can contribute to positive health-related outcomes within a natural environment. The article concludes with implications for the future including (1) responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) nature prescriptions, and (3) therapeutic programming for positive health outcomes.