国外立法对欺诈责任的刑法规定存在差异

Oleksii Humin, Vladyslav Kozlov
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摘要

摘要在过去十年中,人们对刑法科学方面的比较法学研究产生了兴趣。社会生活条件的重大变化和坚持发达国家人民所接受的原则的愿望需要研究外国经验,有时还需要从国际法中汲取资料。比较研究可以在解决犯罪和具体行为的惩罚问题时揭示和考虑他人的错误和成就,有助于理解刑法作为社会调节工具的作用和意义。近年来,科学上出现了财产罪规范的比较法学研究,但对欺诈行为的调查关注较少,这是不合理的。在本文中,我们将不作详尽的分析,重点关注一些国家立法中欺诈责任的刑法规定最显著的差异。任何社会都不能没有财产而存在,财产作为经济基础,在很大程度上决定了政治、道德、法律和其他关系。根据现代社会价值体系的观念,财产权被视为个人最大的社会利益。因此,对这些利益的侵犯就是对人格的侵犯。诈骗在财产犯罪中占有特殊的地位。尽管从数量上看,欺诈性犯罪不如盗窃和抢劫,但从登记欺诈案件数量的增长率来看,这类刑事犯罪明显领先于其他财产犯罪。外国立法的一个特点是,除了关于欺诈责任的一般规定外,还存在一个广泛的关于金融市场、保险、贷款和实物、货物和服务流通中的欺诈责任的专门规定体系。
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Differences in the criminal law regulations of liability for fraud in the legislation of some foreign countries
Abstract. During the last decade, there has been an interest in comparative legal studies concerning the science of criminal law. A significant change in the conditions of social life and the desire to adhere to the principles accepted by the peoples of developed countries require the study of foreign experience and sometimes taking information from international law. Comparative research makes it possible to reveal and take into account other people's mistakes and achievements when solving questions about criminality and the punishment of specific acts, helps to understand the role and significance of criminal law as a tool of social regulation. Recently, comparative legal studies of norms concerning property criminal offenses have appeared in science, but they pay unjustifiably little attention to the investigation of fraud. In this article, without pretending to be an exhaustive analysis, we will focus attention on the most significant differences in the criminal law regulation of liability for fraud in the legislation of some foreign countries. No society can exist without property, which, being the economic basis, largely determines political, moral, legal, and other relations. According to the modern idea of the system of social values, the right to property is regarded as the greatest of the social benefits of an individual. Therefore, encroachments on these benefits are encroachments on personality. Fraud occupies a special place among criminal offenses against property. Even though in quantitative terms, fraudulent crimes are inferior to theft and robbery, in terms of the growth rate of the number of registered cases of fraud, this type of criminal offense is significantly ahead of other crimes against property. A feature of foreign legislation is the presence, along with the general regulation concerning liability for fraud, of an extensive system of special regulations concerning liability for fraud in financial markets, in insurance, lending, and circulation of actual objects, goods, and services.
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