Pharmacological treatment of Ménière disease

Background: Despite significant progress in audiology, there is no definitive treatment option for Ménière disease due to its multifactorial etiology.Current Concepts: The primary treatment goal for Ménière disease is first, to decrease the frequency of symptoms and, second, to minimize the severity of vertigo and hearing loss. Concurrently, the preservation of vestibular and auditory functions should be prioritized. The protection of vestibular and auditory functions should also be considered. Treatment options for Ménière disease include lifestyle modifications, medical treatment, and surgical intervention. Recent treatment algorithms aim to gradually escalate the invasiveness of the treatment to assist in developing a more uniform treatment approach.Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles and nanocarriers, offer an array of novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications for achieving effective drug delivery into the inner ear of patients with Ménière disease. New treatment drugs, such as SPI-1005 (Sound Pharmaceuticals) are currently under clinical trial. Furthermore, drugs are also being repurposed and investigated for their potential in treating Ménière disease.Discussion and Conclusion: Developing new drugs and investigating the pathophysiology of Ménière disease for subtyping is emerging. These may direct the future diagnosis and treatment of the disease and facilitate a better understanding of disease mechanisms. Patients with different subtypes of Ménière disease may require different treatment strategies, which can be achieved by personalized therapy, accurate prognosis prediction, and even, disease prevention.