Cybersecurity and privacy in smart bioprinting

Bioprinting is a versatile technology gaining rapid adoption in healthcare fields such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and surgical planning. Although the current state of the technology is in its infancy, it is envisioned that its evolution will be enabled by the integration of the following technologies: Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud computing, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML), NextGen Networks, and Blockchain. The product of this integration will eventually be a smart bioprinting ecosystem. This paper presents the smart bioprinting ecosystem as a multilayered architecture and reviews the cyber security challenges, vulnerabilities, and threats in every layer. Furthermore, the paper presents privacy preservation solutions and provides a purview of the open research challenges in the smart bioprinting ecosystem.