Sedimentary record of bottom currents and internal tides in a modern highstand submarine canyon head

The evolution of submarine canyons is primarily controlled by turbidity currents, which erode and fill them over time; however, many other hydrodynamic currents operate within canyons. Bottom currents from these other hydrodynamic processes, including internal tides can be dominant processes, but their deposits are seldom recognized in sediment cores or the rock record. This study combines autonomous underwater vehicle swath bathymetry imagery and sub-bottom profiles, high-resolution sediment core analyses (X-ray imagery and thin sections), and previously collected seabed video and flow measurements within Logan Canyon head (eastern Canada) to provide a detailed, modern record of facies associated with hydrodynamic processes in a canyon head. These results suggest that bottom currents are responsible for maintaining gullies on canyon sidewalls and an axial channel on the canyon floor. Thin sections of sediment cores reveal that muddy sand in the canyon head consists of mud aggregates and silt and fine-grained sand, both behaving similarly in terms of flow dynamics. Three facies are present at macro-scale and micro-scale: laminated, partially laminated and bioturbated sandy mud. Sedimentary structures include rhythmic sand and mud aggregate couplets, planar to wavy laminations, current ripple cross-laminations and fining-upward successions, which is attributed to bottom currents induced by internal tides. Bioturbated facies, characterized by discrete biogenic structures and cross-cutting relationships, predominate and overprint a mottled background. A mottled bioturbation fabric also alternates with or locally disrupts layering within the partially laminated facies. Internal tide currents, capable of bedload transport and forming ripples, were measured during a monitoring period in the canyon head, followed by rapid re-establishment of benthos and associated biogenic structures, confirming the core interpretations. Preservation of sedimentary facies associated with these internal tides occurs when the sedimentation rate outpaces the rate of bioturbation, likely during stormier conditions on the shelf. These results represent observations of sedimentary facies associated with modern bottom currents and internal tides, and can be used to interpret similar occurrences within the rock record.