Superposed fracture networks

The concept of superposed fracture networks consisting of different generations, and often types, of fractures that have developed sequentially is discussed. Superposed networks can consist of different types of extension or shear fractures, and each fracture may abut, cross or follow (reactivate) earlier fractures. An example of a superposed fracture network in Liassic limestones in Somerset, UK, is presented, which comprises two sets of veins and a later joint network. The veins develop as damage zones around faults, with veins of the later set crossing or trailing along the earlier set. The later joints either cross-cut the earlier veins or reactivate them, the latter being common for the thicker (more than about 5 mm) veins. The veins and joint networks have markedly different geometries and topologies. The veins are spatially clustered and are typically dominated by I-nodes, while the joints are more evenly distributed and tend to be dominated by Y-nodes. The combined network of veins and joints at Lilstock is dominated by X-nodes because so many joints cross-cut the earlier veins. Understanding the development of superposed fracture networks leads to better understanding of the kinematic, mechanical, tectonic and fluid flow history of rocks.