Piezoelectric-enhanced n-TiO2/BaTiO3/p-TiO2 heterojunction for highly efficient photoelectrocatalysis

Charge separation is critical for achieving efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion, whereas piezoelectric-enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems can effectively modulate band bending and charge migration. Herein, we design an n-TiO₂/BaTiO₃/p-TiO₂ (TBTm) heterojunction in which the piezoelectric BaTiO₃ layer is sandwiched between n-TiO₂ and p-TiO₂. The built-in electric field of TBTm can provide a strong driving force to accelerate carrier separation and prolong carrier lifetime. Consequently, the TBT3 achieves a prominent photocurrent density, as high as 2.13 mA∙cm^-2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is 2.4- and 1.5-times higher than TiO₂ and TiO₂-BaTiO₃ heterojunction, respectively. Driven by mechanical deformation, the induced dipole polarization can further regulate built-in electric fields, and the piezoelectric photocurrent density of TBT3-800 is 2.84 times higher than TiO₂ at 1.23 V vs. RHE due to the construction of piezoelectric-heterostructures. This work provides a piezoelectric polarization strategy for modulating the built-in electric field of heterojunction for PEC system.