Tuberculosis reactivation demonstrated by choroiditis and inflammatory choroidal neovascular membrane in a patient treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors for malignant mucosal melanoma

To describe a complex case of ocular tuberculosis reactivation with anterior uveitis, choroiditis and inflammatory choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICPI) treatment of malignant mucosal melanoma. A retrospective collection of medical history, clinical findings and multimodal imaging with literature review of the topic was conducted. A 52-year-old Romanian female developed reduced vision and photophobia after three cycles of ICPI therapy comprised of ipilimumab and nivolumab. Bilateral anterior uveitis, multiple left eye choroidal lesions and a CNVM were confirmed using slit-lamp examination with ancillary multimodal imaging. Retinal changes in the right eye as well as a history of previously treated posterior uveitis and high-risk ethnicity increased clinical suspicion for ocular tuberculosis (TB) reactivation. The diagnosis was confirmed by TB positivity on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of lung aspirate followed by significant clinical improvement on systemic anti-tubercular therapy (ATT), systemic steroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. ICPIs can cause a myriad of ocular issues, both by primary immunomodulatory effects as well as secondary reactivation of latent disease.