Brain Metastases and Leptomeningeal Disease.

Objective: Central nervous system (CNS) metastases include brain parenchymal, spinal cord, and leptomeningeal metastases. This article discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic advances of the last decade that have improved outcomes for patients with these CNS metastases.

Latest developments: The diagnostic tools for CNS metastases, particularly leptomeningeal disease, have evolved over the past decade with respect to advancements in CSF analysis. Multiple medical therapies are now available for brain metastasis treatment that have shown CNS efficacy, including targeted therapies and antibody-drug conjugates. Molecular testing for CNS metastases has become more common and the repertoire of molecularly targeted therapies continues to expand. Advancements in radiation therapy, including improvements in stereotactic radiation techniques, whole-brain radiation with hippocampal avoidance, and proton beam radiation, have changed the radiation management of patients with CNS metastases. New intrathecal agents are currently being tested for the management of leptomeningeal metastases.

Essential points: CNS metastases are far more common than primary brain tumors and are increasing in prevalence in the setting of improved treatments and prolonged survival in patients with systemic cancers. There have been many changes in the diagnostics and treatment of CNS metastases, yielding subsequent improvements in patient outcomes with further advancements on the horizon.