基本语言处理区灰质体积的单变量和多变量性别差异与相似性

IF 4.9 2区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Biology of Sex Differences Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI:10.1186/s13293-023-00575-y
Carla Sanchis-Segura, Rand R. Wilcox, Alvaro Javier Cruz-Gómez, Sonia Félix-Esbrí, Alba Sebastián-Tirado, Cristina Forn
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引用次数: 0

摘要

据报道,语言相关能力存在性别差异。一般认为,这些差异源于女性和男性大脑中不同的语言组织结构。然而,这方面的研究相对较少,方法也不尽相同,得出的结果也相互矛盾。本研究以性别均衡的右手型青壮年样本(588 人)为研究对象,评估了 18 个重要语言处理脑区灰质体积(GMVOL)的单变量和多变量性别差异和相似性。单变量分析涉及女性和男性分布的位置、扩散和形状比较,并采用了几种稳健的统计方法,能够以互补的方式量化性别差异和相似性的大小。多变量性别差异和相似性是通过两种不同的多变量程序(Logistic 回归和 Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney 检验的多变量类似方法)以同样的方法对连续得分进行估计的。附加分析旨在比较这两种多元分析策略的结果,并描述其结构(即每个脑区对多元效应的相对贡献)。在未对颅内总容积(TIV)变化进行调整的情况下,在所有 18 个脑区都发现了 "大 "的单变量性别差异(男性>女性)。相反,在控制 TIV 后,仅在其中两个脑区发现了 "小 "差异(女性>男性)。所测试的两种多元方法得出的结果非常相似。多变量性别差异超过了单变量差异,根据原始 GMVOL 估计值计算得出的 "大 "差异表明男性的体积更大。相反,根据 TIV 调整后的 GMVOL 计算,多变量差异为 "中等",表明女性的体积更大。尽管原始 GMVOL 和 TIV 调整后 GMVOL 的多变量性别差异在大小和方向上各不相同,但它们具有相似的结构,使我们能够确定 SENT_CORE 网络中更有可能对观察到的效应做出贡献的成分。我们的研究结果证实并扩展了之前关于语言处理领域单变量性别差异的发现,在多变量水平上提供了前所未有的证据。我们还观察到,这些差异的大小和方向有很大的不同,这取决于它们是根据原始的还是经过 TIV 调整的 GMVOL 测量结果估算出来的。虽然人们普遍认为女性和男性的大脑中存在着不同的语言组织,但对语言相关神经回路中潜在的性别差异进行调查的研究却因其方法上的不一致性而产生了不确定的结果。在这项研究中,我们探讨了男女大脑在一个明确定义的、对基本语言功能至关重要的脑区网络中的差异。我们发现,与语言有关的某些脑区的大小确实存在差异,男性和女性在这些差异方面表现出不同的模式。有趣的是,观察这些差异的方式取决于是对整个网络还是对单个脑区进行评估。此外,当考虑到这些脑区的大小与整体颅骨体积的关系时,差异也发生了变化。因此,这项研究强调,要理解这些大脑差异,需要考虑不同的因素,如颅骨大小的现有性别差异,不仅要研究局部效应,还要研究它们在更广泛的大脑功能网络背景下的相互作用和关系。
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Univariate and multivariate sex differences and similarities in gray matter volume within essential language-processing areas
Sex differences in language-related abilities have been reported. It is generally assumed that these differences stem from a different organization of language in the brains of females and males. However, research in this area has been relatively scarce, methodologically heterogeneous and has yielded conflicting results. Univariate and multivariate sex differences and similarities in gray matter volume (GMVOL) within 18 essential language-processing brain areas were assessed in a sex-balanced sample (N = 588) of right-handed young adults. Univariate analyses involved location, spread, and shape comparisons of the females’ and males’ distributions and were conducted with several robust statistical methods able to quantify the size of sex differences and similarities in a complementary way. Multivariate sex differences and similarities were estimated by the same methods in the continuous scores provided by two distinct multivariate procedures (logistic regression and a multivariate analog of the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test). Additional analyses were addressed to compare the outcomes of these two multivariate analytical strategies and described their structure (that is, the relative contribution of each brain area to the multivariate effects). When not adjusted for total intracranial volume (TIV) variation, “large” univariate sex differences (males > females) were found in all 18 brain areas considered. In contrast, “small” differences (females > males) in just two of these brain areas were found when controlling for TIV. The two multivariate methods tested provided very similar results. Multivariate sex differences surpassed univariate differences, yielding "large" differences indicative of larger volumes in males when calculated from raw GMVOL estimates. Conversely, when calculated from TIV-adjusted GMVOL, multivariate differences were "medium" and indicative of larger volumes in females. Despite their distinct size and direction, multivariate sex differences in raw and TIV-adjusted GMVOL shared a similar structure and allowed us to identify the components of the SENT_CORE network which more likely contribute to the observed effects. Our results confirm and extend previous findings about univariate sex differences in language-processing areas, offering unprecedented evidence at the multivariate level. We also observed that the size and direction of these differences vary quite substantially depending on whether they are estimated from raw or TIV-adjusted GMVOL measurements. While it is generally assumed that there is a distinct organization of language in the brains of females and males, studies investigating potential sex-based differences in language-related neural circuits have been characterized by their methodological heterogeneity and yielded inconclusive results. In this study, we explored how the brains of men and women differ in a well-defined network of brain areas essential for basic language functions. We found that there are indeed differences in the size of certain brain regions involved in language, with men and women showing varying patterns of these differences. Interestingly, the way these differences were observed depended on whether they are assessed at the whole network or at individual brain regions. Also, when considering the size of these brain regions in relation to overall cranial volume, the differences changed. So, this study highlights that understanding these brain differences requires considering different factors, like existing sex differences in cranial size, and looking at local effects but also their interactions and relationships in the broader context of functional brain networks.
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来源期刊
Biology of Sex Differences
Biology of Sex Differences ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM-GENETICS & HEREDITY
CiteScore
12.10
自引率
1.30%
发文量
69
审稿时长
14 weeks
期刊介绍: Biology of Sex Differences is a unique scientific journal focusing on sex differences in physiology, behavior, and disease from molecular to phenotypic levels, incorporating both basic and clinical research. The journal aims to enhance understanding of basic principles and facilitate the development of therapeutic and diagnostic tools specific to sex differences. As an open-access journal, it is the official publication of the Organization for the Study of Sex Differences and co-published by the Society for Women's Health Research. Topical areas include, but are not limited to sex differences in: genomics; the microbiome; epigenetics; molecular and cell biology; tissue biology; physiology; interaction of tissue systems, in any system including adipose, behavioral, cardiovascular, immune, muscular, neural, renal, and skeletal; clinical studies bearing on sex differences in disease or response to therapy.
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