Novel Techniques and Models for Studying the Role of the Gut Microbiota in Drug Metabolism.

The gut microbiota, known as the second human genome, plays a vital role in modulating drug metabolism, significantly impacting therapeutic outcomes and adverse effects. Emerging research has elucidated that the microbiota mediates a range of modifications of drugs, leading to their activation, inactivation, or even toxication. In diverse individuals, variations in the gut microbiota can result in differences in microbe-drug interactions, underscoring the importance of personalized approaches in pharmacotherapy. However, previous studies on drug metabolism in the gut microbiota have been hampered by technical limitations. Nowadays, advances in biotechnological tools, such as microbially derived metabolism screening and microbial gene editing, have provided a deeper insight into the mechanism of drug metabolism by gut microbiota, moving us toward personalized therapeutic interventions. Given this situation, our review summarizes recent advances in the study of gut-microbiota-mediated drug metabolism and showcases techniques and models developed to navigate the challenges posed by the microbial involvement in drug action. Therefore, we not only aim at understanding the complex interaction between the gut microbiota and drugs and outline the development of research techniques and models, but we also summarize the specific applications of new techniques and models in researching gut-microbiota-mediated drug metabolism, with the expectation of providing new insights on how to study drug metabolism by gut microbiota.