Divergent expiratory braking activity of costal and crural diaphragm

Background

There is increasing clinical interest in understanding the contribution of the diaphragm in early expiration, especially during mechanical ventilation. However, current experimental evidence is limited, so essential activity of the diaphragm during expiration and diaphragm segmental differences in expiratory activity, are unknown.

Objectives

To determine if: 1) the diaphragm is normally active into expiration during spontaneous breathing and hypercapnic ventilation, 2) expiratory diaphragmatic activity is distributed equally among the segments of the diaphragm, costal and crural.

Methods

In 30 spontaneously breathing male and female canines, awake without confounding anesthetic, we measured directly both inspiratory and expiratory electrical activity (EMG), and corresponding mechanical shortening, of costal and crural diaphragm, during room air and hypercapnia.

Results

During eupnea, costal and crural diaphragm are active into expiration, showing significant and distinct expiratory activity, with crural expiratory activity greater than costal, for both magnitude and duration. This diaphragm segmental difference diverged further during progressive hypercapnic ventilation: crural expiratory activity progressively increased, while costal expiratory activity disappeared.

Conclusion

The diaphragm is not passive during expiration. During spontaneous breathing, expiratory activity -“braking”- of the diaphragm is expressed routinely, but is not equally distributed. Crural muscle “braking” is greater than costal muscle in magnitude and duration.

With increasing ventilation during hypercapnia, expiratory activity -“braking”- diverges notably. Crural expiratory activity greatly increases, while costal expiratory “braking” decreases in magnitude and duration, and disappears.

Thus, diaphragm expiratory "braking" action represents an inherent, physiological function of the diaphragm, distinct for each segment, expressing differing neural activation.