Making the Case for the Restitution of Illicitly Acquired Cultural Objects under the Rules of Jus Cogens

Over the years, our perspective on cultural heritage has undergone changes. The field has become more diverse, requiring solution-focused approaches to address the underlying problems associated with cultural heritage. One significant challenge is the issue of restitution, which is considered a major failure of international cultural heritage law. How can international cultural heritage law completely heal historical wounds instead of merely offering empty hopes to those who have suffered? Simply acknowledging past wrongs by offending states is insufficient, and it does not align with the fundamental legal principle that where there is a wrong, there should be a remedy (ubi jus ibi remedium). Despite the considerable growth in the jurisprudence of international cultural heritage law, there remains a pressing need to consolidate the legal framework to facilitate the restitution of stolen or looted cultural objects. This article argues that the prohibition of plunder and pillage of cultural property constitutes a jus cogens rule of international law. Its violation therefore gives rise to an unconditional obligation to restitute such property.