Climatic Changes in North Atlantic O2 Amplified by Temperature Sensitivity of Phytoplankton Growth

Ocean warming is associated with a decline in the global oxygen (O₂) inventory, but the ratio of O₂ loss to heat gain is poorly understood. We analyzed historical variability in temperature (T), O₂, and nitrate $\left(N{O}_3^{-}\right)$ in hydrographic observations and model simulations of the North Atlantic, a relatively well-sampled region that is important for deep ocean ventilation. Multidecadal fluctuations of O₂ concentrations in subpolar thermocline waters (100–700 m) are correlated with changes in their heat content, with a slope 35% steeper than that expected from thermal solubility. Variations of O₂ in excess of the solubility effect are correlated with observed decadal changes in $N{O}_3^{-}$ in the surface layer (0–50 m), which declines by ∼1 mmol N m⁻³ per degree of temperature anomaly. Enhanced biologically mediated drawdown of nutrients from the photic zone and associated respiration in deeper water account for the additional depletion of thermocline O₂ during warm years. In model simulations, increased nutrient consumption in warm periods is driven by an early start of the phytoplankton growing season and faster phytoplankton growth rates at higher temperatures. Our results highlight a role for phytoplankton T-dependent growth rates in amplifying ocean O₂ loss.