Sedimentary Characteristics, Ages, and Environmental Significance of Gravel Deposits and Loess in Shandong, Eastern China: Regional Response to Global Change Since the Last Glacial Period

Investigation of rarely studied gravel layers found in the loess in Shandong Province, eastern China, reveals the fabric characteristics of two gravel layers (G1, G2) and the sedimentary characteristics of loess at the typical and well-preserved Heiyu section (HY), where, to determine the paleoclimatic changes during Marine Isotope Stage 3a. Optically stimulated luminescence dates of the HY formation range from 0.26 ± 0.02 ka to 39.00 ± 2.00 ka. In addition, the ages of G1 and G2 were estimated using the Bayesian model to be 39.60–40.50 and 29.00–29.50 ka. G1 and G2 are mainly composed of fine and medium gravel, both of which were subangular to subrounded limestone, with gravel directions to NE and E. The average flow velocity, average depth, and flood peak flow of G1 are 1.10 m/s, 0.49 m, and 37.04 m³/s, respectively, calculated using the flow energy method, whereas those of G2 are 0.98 m/s, 0.38 m, and 18.38 m³/s, respectively. Analysis of climate proxy indices show that the sedimentary environment of the gravel and loess in HY might be a regional response to global change.