Whakamana te tangata - ka whai oranga te taiao:新西兰奥特亚罗瓦土著人主导的集水区健康方法

S. Awatere, Garth Harmsworth, Nikki Harcourt, Y. Taura, Lara Taylor, Mahuru Wilcox, J. Hyslop
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摘要

在过去的 200 年里(主要是 1800 年代中期至 1900 年代中期),新西兰奥特亚罗瓦(Aotearoa-New Zealand,简称 A-NZ)的大部分集水区都发生了大规模的地貌变化和改造。这主要是通过大规模砍伐本土森林和湿地排水,形成了以城市定居点和高度改造的地貌为主的景观。在殖民定居思想的指导下,向畜牧业和城市定居的扩张性转变日益对生态健康造成有害的累积影响。环境恶化与毛利人(新西兰原住民)的福祉受到的严重不利影响密切相关。对毛利人而言,这与新西兰以土著为基础的愿景格格不入。为了了解毛利人的世界观如何有助于推动我们的集水区及其社区的健康发展,我们认为有必要参考三个集水区案例研究(凯帕拉(Kaipara)、怀卡托(Waikato)和怀阿普(Waiapu)),为集水区管理制定毛利人世界观框架。之所以选择这些案例研究,是因为它们提供了在共同治理、共同管理和决策过程中重新使用和理解毛利知识(mātauranga Māori)的具体实例。在凯帕拉(Kaipara),合作治理模式确保了所有各方的意见都能被理解并被纳入决策,这使得社会公平性不断提高,与毛利人的关系也更加可持续。同样,在怀卡托,水道的共同治理提高了整个过程的效率和效果。知识共享和参与直接推动了积极的环境成果。怀阿普(Waiapu)也是如此,hapū/iwi 能力的提高增强了社会凝聚力,并实施了有针对性的行动来减轻气候变化的影响。我们探讨了毛利人的思维如何通过采用全面的环境管理方法和对当地情况的深入了解,为环境管理注入新的活力,并强调了以伙伴关系为基础的方法的必要性。
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Whakamana te tangata – ka whai oranga te taiao: Indigenous led approaches for catchment health in Aotearoa-New Zealand
Large-scale transformation and modification of landscapes have occurred across most catchments in Aotearoa-New Zealand (A-NZ) in the past 200-years (mainly mid-1800s to mid- 1900s). This has been mainly through large-scale removal of indigenous forest and draining of wetlands to a landscape dominated by urban settlement and highly modified landscapes. The expansive shift to pastoral farming and urban settlement, under a colonial settlement vision has increasingly led to detrimental cumulative impacts on ecological health. Environmental decline has been tightly linked to significant adverse impacts on Māori (the Indigenous people of A-NZ) wellbeing. For Māori, this has been out of balance and step with an indigenous-based vision of A-NZ. To understand how a Māori worldview can help drive transformation in the health of our catchments and their communities, we argue that an Ao Māori (Māori worldview) framing for catchment management is necessary with reference to three catchment case studies (Kaipara, Waikato, and Waiapu). These case studies were chosen because they provide tangible examples of resurgence in the use and understanding of mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) next to co-governance, co-management, and decision-making. In the Kaipara, the collaborative governance model ensured that all parties’ views were understood and factored into decision making and this has led to growing social equity and more sustainable relationships with the whenua. Similarly, in the Waikato, co-governance of the waterways has increased the efficiency and effectiveness of the process. Knowledge sharing and engagement has directly driven positive environmental outcomes. So too for the Waiapu, where increased hapū/iwi capability and capacity has increased social cohesion and implementation of targeted actions to mitigate climate change impacts. We explore how by adopting a holistic approach to environmental stewardship, and having intimate knowledge at place, Māori thinking has the potential to rejuvenate environmental management, emphasising the necessity of partnership-based approaches.
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