An intelligent routing algorithm based on energy-efficient progressive-recursive clusters for wireless sensor networks

The implementation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is central to the operation of smart parking in modern cities. These networks are responsible for monitoring and tracking the occupancy of each parking space in real-time. The WSNs consist of sensor nodes that detect, process, and transmit data to the base station at regular intervals. However, power and communication limitations in these nodes can impact the performance and quality of the network. Early energy depletion, for instance, can shorten the network’s lifespan and necessitate the replacement of sensor nodes. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a WSN routing protocol that employs clustering to build clusters and facilitate multi-hop communication to the base station. This approach offers a robust and efficient algorithm that reduces power dissipation and extends the lifespan of both sensor nodes and the WSN network. Simulation results indicate that this proposed protocol is more energy-efficient, reliable in data transmission, and longer-lasting compared to other protocols commonly used in smart parking management.