A computational description of time-dependent transport of a water-based nanofluid with hybrid nanocomposite Cu–Al2O3 over a parabolic surface by Keller-box scheme: A modified Buongiorno model

This paper discusses the high heat transfer demand from application prospects. Hybrid nanofluid is a well-known liquid with higher heat transfer capabilities. Here, the time-dependent flow of hybrid nanocomposite, by hybridizing the metal (Cu) and metallic oxide (Al2O3) and inserting them into water-based nanofluid, is examined. The flow takes place over the upper half of a parabolic surface. The modified Buongiorno model is used to express the physical phenomenon in mathematical equations form. The governing system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by applying certain transformations. Computation of the final equations has been done by a numerical scheme, known as the Keller-box method. The significance of dimensionless flow causing physical parameters is shown through graphs and tables. The findings reveal that among the hybrid nanofluids with two types of nanoparticles varying from 0% to 5%, a nanofluid having 5% of both nanoparticles is the one with the maximum surface drag force and heat transport rate, which are 41.8% and 22.7% higher to water, respectively. A higher amount of Al2O3 than Cu results in a suitable hybrid combination for application purposes to produce higher cooling rate with less surface drag. Also, the thickness of the surface, unsteadiness, nanoparticles suspension and power index of wall temperature enhance the heat transfer rate. Thin parabolic surfaces experience less drag and have larger boundary layer thicknesses (momentum, thermal and concentration) as compared to thicker parabolic surfaces. Also, the addition of copper slows down the hybrid fluid flow field, but alumina magnifies the mobility of hybrid fluid.