EU Trade Policy between Constitutional Openness and Strategic Autonomy

From ‘strategic autonomy’ to ‘open strategic autonomy’ in the 2021 EU Trade Policy Review – questioning the added value of the qualifier ‘open’ – legal exploration of ‘openness’ in EU external trade – identification of constitutional norms of ‘openness’ in the Treaties – strong constitutional preference for openness – discretion for trade liberalisation and multilateralism and international cooperation but strict obligation for compliance with international law – reviewing recent EU trade instruments in light of these norms – rise in unilateral trade policy instruments adopted since 2021 in pursuit of open strategic autonomy – instruments seeking to restore reciprocity in international trade relations – instruments using access to the internal market as a lever for achieving global sustainability goals – instruments preserving EU security through trade – problematic tensions with international law – very limited ‘openness’ in ‘open strategic autonomy’.